Race Crime Essays

Race Crime Essays Race Crime Essay Race Crime Essay There have been many studies conducted by both academics and government organisations to gain further insight into the reasons why, when compared to their representation as members of the population as a whole, people from black minority ethnic backgrounds, widely referred to as BME groups, are massively overrepresented in the criminal justice system in England and Wales (Webster, 2007;111). However, Feilzer and Hood have warned that all research has failed to conclusively prove whether different outcomes for minority ethnic people have been due to discrimination or as a result of other factors (Webster, 2007;112). This essay aims to critically account for the disproportionate presence of BME groups in the criminal justice system, in particular the police, the prison service and the courts, exploring possible reasons for the overrepresentation such as social exclusion and socio-economic disadvantage. The essay will also draw comparisons with other countries such as the United States of America and Australia. Criticism of the police and their relationship with BME groups is nothing new, and tensions within British society were exacerbated with the influx of West Indian immigrants in the 1950s. A study conducted in the 1960s compared urban and rural policing and described the negative stereotype that police officers held of members of the black community (Spalek, 2002;77). More recently, the murder of Stephen Lawrence and the subsequent Lawrence Inquiry produced a startling insight into the degree of, what Lord Macpherson termed, institutional racism within the criminal justice system (Macpherson, 1999). Recent statistics from the Ministry of Justice (MJ) illustrate the overrepresentation of BME groups in the criminal justice system. The Ministry of Justice report, Statistics on Race and the Criminal Justice System 2008/2009 (MJ, 2010) highlights some of the substantial differences that exist between the experiences of people from BME groups compared with those from a white background (MJ, 2010). The report illustrates that BME groups are disproportionately represented at every stage of the criminal justice system but specifically in stop and search, arrests and the prison population. However, this is not simply an issue in England and Wales, but reflects problems faced by criminal justice systems in other countries around the world (Bhui, 2009;50). It has been well established by many authors and studies that the use of stop and search powers by the police has been the most controversial issue (Bowling and Phillips, 2003;534) when dealing with the topic of policing minority ethnic communities. Stop and search powers are governed by section 1 of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act (PACE) 1984, which requires the police to have reasonable suspicion. It is this concept that gives rise to concerns about discrimination and racial profiling (Davies et al, 2005;170). People from BME backgrounds are also more likely to be stopped under the stop and search powers of section 60 of the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994, and are less likely to be given a reason for being stopped (Davies et al, 2005;171). Black and Asian people are 26. 6 and 6. 3 times more likely to be stopped and searched respectively than white people, under Section 60 of the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 (Townsend, 2010). This is a higher stop and search ratio than that recorded before the publication in 1999 of the Inquiry report into the murder of the black teenager, Stephen Lawrence. Section 60 powers enabled the police to use such stop and search in exceptional circumstances but has subsequently allowed the abuse of such powers through increased stereotyping, further alienating the most affected communities (Townsend, 2010). The report concluded that the overuse of stop and search had created significant mistrust in minority ethnic communities (Travis, 2010), and contributes to the idea that the system is institutionally racist. The Ministry of Justice report found that there has been a 70 per cent rise in BME being stopped and searched over the past 5 years. In England and Wales as a whole it was recorded that 18 people of a white background and 135 of a BME background per 1000 of the population were subject to the use of Stop and Search by the police under section 1 of PACE 1984 (MJ, 2010). The statistics show that under PACE, Black people were 7. 2 times more likely, and Asian people were 2. 1 times more likely to be stopped and searched than white people (MJ, 2010). It could therefore be argued that stop and searches are disproportionately carried out on people from BME backgrounds, under both PACE and the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act. However, there was a large variation in the number of stop and searches throughout England and Wales. In London the number per 1000 of the population was 47 white and 210 black. This variation is a result of several factors. Firstly, 54 percent of the black population of England and Wales live in London, and are therefore more likely to be stopped and searched than any other area. Secondly, 42 percent of all stop and searches are carried out by the Metropolitan Police Service, which only serve 14 percent of the whole population of England and Wales (MJ, 2010). In contrast, there are other areas within England and Wales such as Cumbria and Durham where the rate of stop and searches per 1000 of the population for those from black backgrounds compared to white backgrounds was 0. 7. This means that more white people are stopped and searched per 1000 of the population than black people (MJ, 2010). Findings from the report Offending, Crime and Justice Survey 2003-06 suggested that an individuals ethnic group was not significantly associated with increased or reduced likelihood of offending (MJ, 2010). It is however, believed that BME communities are considered to be suspect populations (Webster, 2010;95) with the tendency for black and Asian communities to receive greatly inferior treatment by the police, leading to their involvement with the criminal justice system. Similar to the stop and search statistics, people from BME groups experienced more arrests per 1000 of the population than people of white backgrounds, and black people were 3. 3 times more likely to get arrested than white people (MJ, 2010). However, Phillips and Browns study in 1998 found that of the cases that went to the Crown Prosecution Service, the proportions that were terminated were 27 per cent for Asians, 20 per cent for black people and 12 per cent for white people (Bhui, 2009;35). This strongly suggests that black and Asian people were more likely to be arrested and charged without sufficient evidence to prosecute. Despite the conviction rates being substantially higher for white people compared to those from BME groups (MJ, 2010) in 2008, the percentage of white adults sentenced to immediate custody for indictable offences was under 29 percent, while BME groups ranged from 42 to 52 percent (MJ, 2010). This higher percentage is not necessarily due to discrimination, but rather a number of other factors, such as the seriousness of the offence committed, mitigating or aggravating factors and whether or not the defendant pleads guilty. Research has shown that people from BME backgrounds are more likely to plead not guilty, and hence be tried in a Crown court (MJ, 2010). In fact 48 per cent of black offenders plead not guilty compared to 30 per cent of white offenders. If offenders are found guilty after pleading not guilty, they are often given heavier and longer sentences (Marsh et al, 2010;178) and this may be a reason why there are more black offenders in prison. Although people from BME backgrounds account for less than 11 per cent of the British population, they account for a much higher proportion of the prison population. On the 30th June 2009, 20 percent of prisoners identified themselves as being from BME groups (MJ, 2010). The total prison population excluding foreign nationals has experienced increased numbers from all ethnic backgrounds since 2005, but most notably from Asian and Mixed groups. Those from a white ethnic background had the smallest increase (MJ, 2010). The result of such overrepresentation of people from BME backgrounds, in particular black people, is that there are some prisons in the south east of England that are now virtually all black (Ramesh, 2010). The disproportionate presence of people from BME groups could mean one of two things. People from BME groups may be discriminated against at the point of entry into the criminal justice system and this subsequently continues to the point of imprisonment. Alternatively, the groups are actually more involved in crime than others for reasons particular to that group (Hale et al, 2009;419). It is of common belief that the true answer lies somewhere between the two theories, yet self report studies have indicated that white people commit just as much or even more crime than those from BME groups (Kalunta-Crumpton, 2010). Evidence from several studies has shown that there are three overarching causes for the overrepresentation of BME groups in the Criminal Justice System, all of which compound each other. Firstly, social exclusion is a longstanding primary cause (House of Commons; Home Affairs Committee (HC), 2007). Secondly, factors specific to the black community such as family patterns and cultures amongst black people, both fuel and compound socio-economic deprivation. Thirdly, the structure and the way the criminal justice system operates mean more young BME people come into contact, and stay in contact, with the system (HC, 2010). There is considerable racial inequality in the criminal justice system with a massive underrepresentation of people from BME backgrounds in judiciary and court positions (Marsh et al, 2010;179). A recent report by the Ministry of Justice found that, as of April 2009 in the courts based judiciary, a mere 4. 5 per cent of judges were from BME backgrounds, and represented just 3 of the 163 High Court judges (MJ, 2010). This is a point that was highlighted in the Lawrence Inquiry, and in particular the failure of the police service to recruit minority ethnic officers. Recommendation 65 of the Lawrence Report stated that the police service ought to develop more initiatives to increase the number of minority ethnic recruits (Bhui, 2009;54). Despite such attempts to recruit more people from BME groups, the police force is still a predominantly white institution with only 4. 4 percent of officers in post coming from a BME background (Hansard, 2010), and this is reflected in the feelings of people from BME groups. A study conducted by Shute et al showed that one fifth of black defendants felt that their treatment had been influenced by racial bias (Marsh et al, 2010). Of the black and Asian defendants who thought that they had been given longer custodial sentences, over half put it down to their ethnicity rather than what they had done or said in court (Marsh et al, 2010), indicating the feeling amongst people from BME groups that institutional racism still exists within the criminal justice system. Such thoughts of institutional racism within the criminal justice system were again identified with the tragic incident in March 2000 when Zahid Mubarek, a 19 year old Asian prisoner at Feltham young offender institution, was murdered by a cell mate with a history of racist and violent behaviour (Nacro, 2003). It is regarded that social exclusion is the key reason for the overrepresentation of ethnic minorities within the criminal justice system. BME groups are socially and economically disadvantaged compared with white people and are more likely to come to police attention (Bhui, 2009;34). This socio-economic disadvantage stretches back to the post-war period when the first settlers from the Caribbean were forced into ghettoes because of racial prejudice and restricted access to accommodation, resulting in them being stacked in deprived areas where schools were substandard, employment opportunities were minimal and long-term prospects to hold the family together were limited (HC, 2010). It is believed that the disproportional presence of ethnic minorities has arisen due to the idea that policing bares down more heavily on those that frequent public spaces more often (Maguire et al, 2007;437). This happens to be black and Asian people as they are still subjected to high rates of unemployment, homelessness and nocturnal shift work. It is noted that 80 per cent of black African and black Caribbean communities live in particularly deprived, high crime urban areas such as Neighbourhood Renewal Fund areas (Bhui, 2009;32). It is the combination of all of these factors that place such individuals at greater risk of being stopped and searched (Maguire et al, 2007;437). The House of Commons Home Affairs Committee found that in 2007, all the minority ethnic groups within the black category are consistently below the national average across all Key Stages, at GCSE and equivalent and Post-16. At GCSE and equivalent, 45 per cent of black Caribbean pupils, and 51 per cent of black African pupils achieved 5 or more A*-C grades compared to 57 per cent nationally (HC, 2007). The committee concluded that the failure of the education system to educate our black boys provides a breeding ground for disaffection that undoubtedly leads many to seek alternative means to obtain a good standard of living or gain respect from their peers (HC, 2007). Conversely, the recent report How Fair is Britain produced by the Equality and Human Rights Commission (EHRC), shows that ethnic differences are narrowing at GCSE level, except for the top two highest performing groups; Chinese and Indian (EHRC, 2010). Educational underachievement is fed by rates of exclusion, which is higher for black young people than any other ethnic group. The 2006 Department for Education Skills (DfES) report shows that 9. 6 per cent of black Caribbean young people had had a fixed period exclusion compared with a national average for all pupils of 5 per cent (DfES, 2006). Excluded young people, regardless of ethnicity, are twice as likely to commit offences as children in mainstream school according to the Youth Justice Boards (YJB) survey completed by MORI. In a recent survey 23 per cent of young people in mainstream school said they had committed an offence in the last 12 months, while 60per cent of excluded young people say they had committed an offence over the same period (YJB, 2009). This is a clear indication that young black people are more likely to be excluded from school, and subsequently more likely to offend. Asian children on the other hand had the lowest exclusion rates, followed by children with one white and one Asian parent (EHRC, 2010). The success of Asian children in education ties in with their low offending rates. Such traits have traditionally been explained as the result of strong informal controls said to inhere in Asian culture and family life (Webster, 2010;97). In 2007, at a time of growing gun and knife crime, former Prime Minister Tony Blair, insisted that we needed to stop pretending it was a problem for the general population (Blair, 2007), but rather an issue for the black community to resolve (Hale et al, 2009). This idea has been reaffirmed in statistics such as the figures from Operation Trident, a Metropolitan Police Service operation intended to deal with shootings among black people living in London in 2006. The operations findings detailed in the Home Affairs Committee report showed that, of all the firearms homicides and shootings in 2006 in London, 75 per cent of victims and 79 per cent of suspects were black (HC, 2010). These statistics reflect the idea that the majority of offending by people from minority ethnic backgrounds is intra-racial. It was also found that the boroughs with the highest firearms offences such as Hackney and Lambeth had the highest density of black population in London, as well as being some of the most deprived (HC, 2010). Furthermore, recent research in the UK suggests that homicide rates are associated with levels of poverty and deprivation (HC, 2010). It is this level of involvement and overrepresentation that is the greatest cause for concern for some sections of black and minority ethnic communities. The Director of Equalities and Policing at the Greater London Authority, Lee Jasper said of the situation we have, quite literally, a crisis in the black community among our young black people (HC, 2010). Self report studies ask some general questions about the respondents social and economic situation and then they are asked to describe any offences that they have committed. This technique relies solely upon the honesty of interviewees to reveal their offending behaviour. Self report surveys have produced controversial findings and in particular have suggested that race differences usually observed in official records are either absent or much reduced (Bowling and Phillips, 2002;99). The 2003 Offending, Crime and Justice Study found that in actual fact, white respondents were more likely than black or Asian respondents to say that they had offended (Bhui, 2009;32). The findings of such studies have indicated that the dark figure of crime is more likely to be committed by white people than those from BME backgrounds (Kalunta-Crumpton, 2010). In Australia, they face a slightly different issue, in that the indigenous population of Aboriginals and Torres Strait Islander people are massively overrepresented in the justice system, and it is a result of historical discrimination, over-regulation and unfair treatment (Australian Law Reform Commission, 2006). Indigenous people make up 2. 5 per cent of the population in Australia, yet in 2008 they accounted for 29. 3 per cent and 24. 1 per cent of the female and male prisoners respectively (Bartels, 2010); a rate 17 times higher than that for non-indigenous people (Australian Institute of Criminology, 2010). These figures varied throughout the different territories of Australia. For example, in Victoria, Indigenous people accounted for 6 per cent of the prison population, much lower but still overrepresented compared to their presence in the general population. In the Northern Territories however, the situation is much worse, with Indigenous people representing 83 per cent of the prison population. This is a startling illustration of the massive overrepresentation of Indigenous population in the criminal justice system. One explanation considered by some authors such as Bartels, is that the Indigenous population is significantly younger than the non-indigenous population. A census in 2006 found that the median age for both Indigenous and Non-Indigenous populations was 21 and 37 respectively (Australian Government, 2008), and thus a reason for the high number of Indigenous people coming into contact with the criminal justice system. In the United States of America, they face a similar if not more extreme situation than in Britain and most Western European countries. The Washington DC based research group, The Sentencing Project reported that today there are more African American men in prison and jail than in college (Walker et al, 2007;xiii). Despite black people only representing 12 per cent of the United States population, nearly half of all prisoners in the USA are African-American (Webster, 2007), and it is predicted that nearly one third of African-American males born today will go to prison (Ramesh, 2010). The US Justice Department have released statistics that suggest approximately 40 to 45 per cent of the US prison population is black (Ramesh, 2010), and that black people represent 31 per cent of arrests and 37 per cent of all violent arrests. Walker et al concluded in The Color of Justice, that the US criminal justice system is contextually discriminatory, in that discrimination does occur within certain parts of the system but not all parts, all of the time (Walker et al, 2007;419). The recent statistics from the Ministry of Justice paint a very clear picture as to the substantial differences that exist between the experiences of BME groups compared with white people, and in particular the experiences of black people. The central problem with the disproportionate presence of ethnic minorities in the criminal justice system is their under-representation in criminal justice professions coupled with their overrepresentation as suspects, defendants and prisoners (Newburn, 2007). Longstanding tension between the police and ethnic minorities still plays a significant part in the discrimination of ethnic minorities and is demonstrated in such documentaries as The Secret Policeman (Daly, 2003), highlighting that racism within the police force still occurs. Although many positive steps have been taken to eliminate institutional racism within the police force since the Lawrence Inquiry, there is still more that needs to be done. The police are not the only institution criticised of being discriminatory, with the Prison service also displaying such traits. It could be argued that the criminal justice system as a whole is still considered institutionally racist. Minority ethnic communities around the world are suffering from the same issues faced by those in England and Wales. The Australian prison population figures illustrate the startling discrimination the indigenous population of Australia face. The United States of America have a justice system described as contextually discriminatory (Walker et al, 2007;419), with an increasing population of black prisoners, many of which have committed violent or drug related offences. Despite numerous studies by academics and government departments, it has been considered that all research has failed to conclusively prove whether the disproportionate presence of people from minority ethnic backgrounds in the criminal justice system is through discrimination or other factors (Webster, 2007). It would appear however, that BME groups are most definitely overrepresented at every stage of the criminal justice system. From the findings of self report studies it can be inferred that the overrepresentation of ethnic minorities is not a result of disproportionate offending, but rather a combination of different factors. Similarly, the issue is not one solely of institutional racism within the criminal justice system. Unfortunately people from minority ethnic backgrounds live in the most deprived urban areas, with the highest crime rates, and therefore are undoubtedly over-policed. Young people from BME backgrounds are consistently underachieving in education and are almost twice as likely to have a fixed period of exclusion compared to the national average, and subsequently twice as likely to offend. Upon being charged for an offence, people from BME backgrounds are more likely to plead not guilty, and hence tried in the Crown court, where if found guilty, will receive a heavier sentence. It is the compounded effect of these factors that are the major cause of the disproportionate presence of ethnic minorities within the criminal justice system, and without addressing these issues first and foremost, their presence will simply increase.

Famous Inventions on the April Calendar

Famous Inventions on the April Calendar What famous events happened in the calendar month of April concerning patents, trademarks, and copyrights? Find out who patented roller skates, and discover which famous inventor has the same April birthday as you or what invention was created on your April birthday. April Calendar of Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights April 1 1953- Arthur Millers The Crucible, a play in four acts based on the Salem witch trials of the 17th century and referencing the then-current plague of McCarthyism, was copyrighted. April 2 1889- Charles Hall patented an inexpensive method for the production of aluminum, which brought the metal into wide commercial use. April 3 1973- Francis W. Dorion was granted patent #3,724,070 for a dual razor blade assembly. April 4 1978- Francisco Garcia was granted patent #4,081,909 for orthodontic pliers. April 5 1881- Edwin Houston and Elihu Thomson were granted a patent for a centrifugal separator: the creamer.   April 6 1869- Isaac Hodgson received patent #88,711 for the roller skate. April 7 1896- Tolbert Lanston was issued a patent for a monotype printing  press. April 8 1766- The first fire escape was patented- the contraption was a wicker basket on a pulley with a chain.1997- Hooshang  Bral received a patent for an automatically rinsing baby bottle. April 9 1974- Phil Brooks received a patent for a disposable syringe, although intravenous injections and infusion began as early as 1670. April 10 1849- Walter Hunt patented the first safety pin, based in part on the Roman brooch known as a fibula. Hunt also invented several other famous things, all of which he gave up on before seeing any profit. April 11 1893- Frederic Ives patented the process for a half-tone printing press. April 12 1988- Drs. Philip Leder and Timothy Stewart on behalf of Harvard University were issued the first patent, #4,736,866, for a new animal life form: a genetically altered mouse. April 13 1990- The Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles movie was copyrighted. April 14 1964- Paul Winchell (a ventriloquist whose main dummy was Jerry Mahoney) was granted patent #3,129,001 for an inverted novelty mask. April 15 1997- Bertram Burke received a patent for an automatic philanthropic contribution system called the MILLIONAIRES CLUB. April 16 1867- Wilbur and his brother Orville Wright invented the airplane, which they called a flying machine.1997- James Watkins received a patent for confetti that flutters and darts. April 17 1875- Snooker, a variation of pool, was invented by Sir Neville Chamberlain.1908- The song Hail Hail the Gangs All Here was copyrighted. April 18 1916- Irving Langmuir received a patent for an incandescent gas lamp. Some of his other accomplishments include atomic-hydrogen welding and contributions to the development of the radio vacuum tube. April 19 1939- John Steinbecks The Grapes of Wrath was copyrighted. April 20 1897 -  Simon Lake was granted a patent for an even keel submarine. April 21 1828- Noah Webster published the first American dictionary.1857- Albert Douglas patented a ladies bustle.1931- Ester Kiefer received a patent for ornamental paper. April 22 1864- The United States minted the first coin with In God We Trust on it.1884- John Golding patented a process for metallic silk screening.1955- Congress declared that all U.S. coins would be minted with In God We Trust on them. April 23 1964- My Fair Lady, the movie based on a musical version of George Bernard Shaws play Pygmalion, was registered.1985- The trade secret New Coke formula was released. Coca-Cola was invented by John Pemberton of Atlanta, Georgia. The famous trademark name was a suggestion given by Pembertons bookkeeper, Frank Robinson. April 24 1907- Anchors Aweigh, the march and two-step by Chas. A. Zimmerman, was copyrighted. April 25 1961- Robert Noyce was granted a patent for a semiconductor device-and-lead structure, the integrated circuit otherwise known as the chip. Noyce was the co-founder of Intel Corporation. April 26 1881- Frederick Allen patented a life raft.1892- Sarah Boone patented an ironing board. April 27 1920- Elijah McCoy received a patent for an air-brake pump lubricator. April 28 1908- Leonard Dyer obtained a patent for an automobile transmission. April 29 1873- Eli Janney received a patent for automatic railroad car couplings. April 30 1935- Patent #2,000,000 was issued to Joseph Ledwinka for vehicle wheel construction. April Birthdays April 1 1578- English physician William Harvey, who discovered blood circulation.1858- Italian sociologist Gaetano Mosca, who wrote the Circulation of Elite.1865- Germany chemist Richard Zsigmondy won the Nobel Prize in 1925.1887- American philologist and linguist Leonard Bloomfield dominated the science of linguistics.1922- American computer scientist Alan Perlis was best known for his pioneering work in  programming languages. April 2 1618- Mathematician and physicist Francesco M. Grimaldi discovered light diffraction.1841- French engineer and inventor Clement Ader is remembered primarily for his pioneering work in aviation and as a mechanical and electrical genius.1875- Walter Chrysler founded the Chrysler car company.1900- German musicologist Heinrich Besseler is best known for his Medieval, Baroque and   Renaissance music.1922- Russian atomic physicist Nikolaj G.  Bassov  worked with  lasers  and won the Nobel Prize in 1964.1948- Noted astronomer and educator Eleanor Margaret Burbridge was the first woman to be appointed to the Royal Greenwich Observatory. April 3 1837- Writer and nature enthusiast John Burroughs had the Burroughs Medal named after him.1934- British ethologist  Jane Goodall studied African chimps. April 4 1809- American mathematician and astronomer Benjamin Pierce contributed to studies in celestial mechanics, algebra, number theory and philosophy of mathematics.1821- Linus Yale  was an American portrait painter and inventor who invented the Yale cylinder lock.1823- Karl Wilhelm Siemens was an inventor who laid undersea cables.1826- Zenobe Theophile Gramme invented an electric motor.1881- Encyclopedist Charles Funk produced Funk and Wagnalls.1933- English manufacturer Robin Phillips invented a hand-dryer. April 5 1752- Sebastien Erard invented improved pianos and harps.1838- American invertebrate paleontologist Alpheus Hyatt made important contributions to the study of invertebrate fossils.1899- American inventor Alfred Blalocks invention ushered in the era of cardiac surgery.1951- Dean Kamen  invented the  Segway, and several other things, including the AutoSyringe, a mobile dialysis system, and the first wearable insulin pump.1954- Computer programmer Michael W. Butler invented the TODAY program. April 6 1920- Swiss scientist Edmond H. Fischer won the 1992 Nobel Prize in medicine with Edwin Krebs for their discoveries in reversible protein phosphorylation.1928- Chemist James D. Watson co-discovered the structure of DNA.1953- American inventor Andy Hertzfeld was a co-inventor of the Apple Macintosh; he started a new company called General Magic. April 7 1775- American businessman  Francis Cabot Lowell  invented the first raw cotton-to-cloth textile mill.1859- Walter Camp  was the father of American football and invented many of the rules.1860- Noted American vegetarian  Will Keith Kellogg  was the founder of the Kellogg Company and invented a process of making flaked cereal, corn flakes, for use as a healthy breakfast cereal.1869- American botanist explorer David Grandison Fairchild brought new plants into the United States.1890- Noted environmentalist Marjory Stoneman Douglas was nicknamed the First Lady of the Everglades. April 8 1869- American neurosurgeon Harvey Cushing did the first blood pressure studies.1907- Noted chemist Maurice Stacey is known for his contributions to carbohydrate chemistry.1911- American chemist Melvin Calvin won the Nobel Prize in 1961 for his work on photosynthesis. April 9 1806- Isambard Kingdom Brunel invented the first Trans-Atlantic steamer.1830- Eadweard Muybridge  pioneered the study of  motion photography.1919- John Presper Eckert was the co-inventor of the first  all-electronic  computer called the ENIAC. April 10 1755- German physician Samuel Hahnemann invented homeopathy.1917- Organic chemist Robert Burns Woodward won the Nobel prize in 1965. April 11 1899- Chemist  Percy L. Julian  invented a drug for the treatment of arthritis called cortisone. 1901- Adriano Olivetti was an Italian engineer and manufacturer of typewriters. April 12 1884- German psychologist and biochemist Otto Meyerhof won the Nobel Prize in 1922.1926- James Hillman is credited with developing archetypal psychology. April 13 1832- British designer and inventor James Wimshurst invented the electrostatic generator.1899- Alfred Moser Butts invented the game Scrabble. April 14 1886- American psychologist Edward C. Tolman created behaviorism. April 15 1452- Italian painter  Leonardo da Vinci  was also an inventor. April 16 1682- John Hadley invented the first reflecting  telescope.1867- ​Wilbur Wright  co-invented the first manned and engined airplane. April 17 1934- Don Kirshner invented bubblegum music. April 18 1905- Medical research pioneer George Herbert Hitchings was renowned for developing drugs for several major diseases and was co-winner of the Nobel Prize in 1988. April 19 1768- English entomologist and botanist Adrian H. Haworth was known for his work with succulent plants.1877- Ole Evinrude  invented the outboard marine engine1912- American chemist Glen T. Seaborg discovered plutonium and won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1951.1931- American computer scientist Fred Brooks is best known for managing the development of IBMs   System/360 computers. April 20 1745- Physician Philippe Pinel is considered the founder of psychiatry. 1921- Donald Gunn MacRae is a noted sociologist.1927- Swiss superconductivity physicist Karl Alex Muller won the Nobel Prize in 1987 for his discovery of high-temperature superconductivity in a new class of materials.1934- Lindsay Oliver John Boynton is a noted furniture historian. April 21 1782- German educator Friedrich W.A. Frobel invented kindergarten.1849- German embryologist Oskar Hertwig discovered fertilization.1913- Biochemist Choh Hao Li isolated growth hormones. April 22 1799- Physician and physiologist Jean Poiseuille discovered blood pressure.1853- French anthropologist Alphonse Bertillon devised the crime ID system.1876- Sweden otologist Robert Barany was a vestibular expert who won the Nobel Prize in 1914.1919- American biochemist Donald Cram won the Nobel Prize in 1987.1929- Margaret Pereira was a noted forensic scientist. April 23 1858- German physicist Max Planck wrote the Planck Constant and won the Nobel Prize in 1918.1917- Nuclear physicist Jacob Kistemaker invented an  ultracentrifuge. April 24 1620- Statistician John Graunt founded the science of demography.1743- Edmund Cartwright  invented the power loom.1914- Justin Wilson invented Wise  Potato Chips. April 25 1769- Mark Isambard Brunel was a noted engineer and inventor.1825- Charles Ferdinand Dowd standardized time zones.1874- Guglielmo Marconi  invented a radio system and won a Nobel Prize in 1909.1900- Swiss-American physicist Wolfgang Pauli discovered the Pauli inhibition and won a Nobel Prize in 1945. April 26 1879- English physicist Owen Williams Richardson won a Nobel Prize in 1928. April 27 1896- Wallace Hume Carothers invented nylon.1903- Biochemist Hans Walter Kosterliz is best known as one of the key discoverers of endorphins.1791- Inventor  Samuel Finley Breece Morse  was born. April 28 1846- Swedish astronomer Johann E. Backlund discovered planets and asteroids.            1882- Italian industrialist Alberto Pirelli joined the family small rubber factory in Italy- the first of its kind- and was active in international affairs.   April 29 1893- Physicist Harold C. Urey discovered Deuterium and won a Nobel Prize in 1934. April 30 1777- Carl Friedrich Gauss is considered the worlds greatest mathematician.

Analysis of Mise En Scene Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Analysis of Mise En Scene - Essay Example This essay examines the mise-en-scene in this closing sequence. The closing sequence of Chinatown begins with Jack Gittes (Jack Nicholson) conversing with Evelyn Mulwray (Faye Dunaway). The two characters are featured in a medium close-up, with their bodies cut-off. While the film’s plot is highly complex and entangled, at its core it is a strong character piece. The minimalist mise-en-scene of this conversation, with the two characters featured alone in the foreground highlights the film’s strong character-centered nature. It’s also notable that Jack retains the bandage from earlier in the film, as this is symbolic of his ultimate fallibility in comparison to Mulwray almost angelic quality. This minimalist conversation scene cuts to a montage of shots of Chinatown. The city is depicted through neon lights that shine brightly in an all-dark background. The effect is powerful as the neon lights take on a sort of Las Vegas like feel where the outward brightness seems to conceal a sinister interior. The film’s nighttime setting further accentuates its neo-noir conventions. Indeed, this becomes a predominant thematic element as the final film sequence unravels. Not only is the scene shrouded entirely in darkness, but so are the characters. Only on brief occasions does director Polanski allow the street lights to shine on their faces. When Evelyn Mulwray appears she is also featured in black. The only character in white is Noah Cross. In these regards, the film’s mise-en-scene is playing with the noir notion of morality; the two protagonists are shrouded in black, and Cross, the antagonist, is featured in white. This leads the viewer to question the filmâ€℠¢s moral center and further destabilizes the viewer. This moral ambiguity is mirrored in the plot as Jack is handcuffed to the car even while attempting to reveal to the police that Cross is the murderer and villain. Ultimately, the

Madagascar Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Madagascar - Essay Example The population of Madagascar in 2012 was 22,293,914 (â€Å"Madagascar-Population†). Food in Madagascar comprises rice as an essential element. The national dish of Madagascar is Ramazava which is made with mixed greens and beef sautà ©ed with onion, tomato, and ginger. Although Malagasy food is reasonably spicy for the most part, yet Piri-Piri is an extremely spicy pepper paste commonly used in Malagasy food (â€Å"Madagascar: Food†). Ancestors in the Madagascar society remained united and were against segregation. Forming a wonderful amalgamation of language, religion, and tradition, these ancestors set the pattern of modern culture in Madagascar. The contemporary society of Madagascar is a fine blend of modernism and traditionalism. Malagasy is the main language spoken in Madagascar and the origin of this language is linked with Maanyan that is the language of South Eastern Borneo (â€Å"Society and Culture†). Cargo boats are the main transport means on the northeast coast of Madagascar. They are not very safe means of transport particularly when they are overloaded. Boat travel is unsafe on the east coast specially during the rainy season. International Driving Permit (IDP) is required to drive car or motorcycle in Madagascar. MadaBus is a long-distance bus company that operates on Tamatave and Toliar routes (â€Å"Getting around†). Formal education appeared in Madagascar in the modern sense for the first time in 1820 when a school was established in Antananarivo by the missionary David Jones from the London Missionary Society (â€Å"Education in Madagascar†). Madagascar is one of the poorest countries of the world in spite of its cultural and biological richness mainly because of economic colonialism, kleptocractic rule, lack of infrastructure, and lack of adequate educational system (â€Å"Why is

Key Terms Essay Example for Free

Key Terms Essay ACEs an entry in an objects acl that grants permissions toa user or group ACL A collection of access control entries that defines the access that all users and groups have to an object ATA A disk interface that uses parallel communications to connect multiple hard drives to a computer Authorization The process of making sure someone is who they say they are Basic Disk The default disk type, it can have up to four partitions, three primary and one extended Direct-attached Storage a computer whith hard drives stored in it Disk Duplexing Method of fault tolerance, duplicate data is stored on two disks in seperate host adapters Disk Mirroring Method of fault tolerance, duplicate data is stored on two seperate disks DiskPart. exe Command line method to do all your disk related deeds Dynamic Disk Alternative to basic disk, able to have an unlimited number of volumes Effective permissions A combination of all the permissions from various sources External Drive Array Hard disks attached to a computer through a network medium File System A part of the OS for storing and organizing files Folder redirection A useful feature that lets users save thier files to a network location LUNs An identifier assigned to a specific component within a SCSI device which enables the SCSI host adapter to send commands to that component. NAS A dedicated file server that is connected to a network and provides users with file based storage Offline Files Lets people keep copies of files on their machines so that if the server goes down they can still work Partition Style The ways disks are organized in windows RAID Multiple disks working together as pals to do great things such as fault tolerance or increases to read/write speeds SID Every active directory object gets one of these, kinda like a social security number Security Principal Whoever is an administrator assigns permissions to SATA Newer version of ATA that users serial communications Shadow Copies Makes copies of a file that users can use to restore to vaious times SCSI Lets computers transfer data to multiple storage devices Standard Permissions The common special permissions SAN A dedicated high speed network wevice that connects storage devices to servers.

valley of the kings :: essays research papers

It's easy to understand why the Valley of the Kings was not discovered until the 1800's. It is located over a mountain ridge and in a secluded valley, miles from civilization. The Valley of the Kings contains approximately sixty-two excavated tombs, not all of which are royal. Some belonged to the privileged members of nobility and were not decorated. The earliest tombs of such kings as Thutmose I contained stairways, corridors, and right-angle bends; whereas, the latter tombs of such kings as Ramesses XI, were little more than huge sloping corridors. One of the most recently discovered tombs, that of the children of Ramesses II, fifty-four in all, is being excavated, with eight or nine rooms thus far uncovered. The work is being financed by Chicago House in the United States. Depending on the power and length of reign of a king determined the opulence of the tomb itself. Most tombs were robbed thousands of years ago, but you can still see the spectacular color-painted hieroglyphics lining the corridors of some. The stories told are of kings bearing gifts to the gods or perhaps stories of the king's travels or battles. Much can be learned from these pictures concerning ancient life in Egypt. Most tombs contained false entrances or false burial chambers, etc. to confuse robbers and deter them from finding the riches needed in the afterlife. King Tut's Tomb (Tutankhamun) King Tut's tomb was not discovered until 1922 by Howard Carter and Lord Carnarvon, as it was concealed beneath the mud brick houses of the workmen who cut the tomb of Ramesses VI. Most likely this tomb was not carved for a king, but for a high official. But due to the fact that King Tut died at an early age, the rooms were hastily converted. Items for the afterlife were seemingly thrown into the various rooms. What makes this particular find important is that the contents were untouched by robbers. The real antiquities can be found in the Cairo Museum. The pictures shown here are replicas indicating how they were positioned when discovered by Carter. Three coffins were found in the tomb, the last of solid gold. King Tut's mummy was not in very good shape and so is kept at his tomb. He was found with 15 rings of various sizes on his mummy fingers depending on the amount of linen used to wrap his hands.

Dietary Fiber Analysis Health And Social Care Essay

Fiber is categorized into soluble and indissoluble fibre. Soluble fibre includes pectins, mucilages, gums, and storage polyoses. Soluble fibre has shown to hold positive effects on glucose metamorphosis that are partially attributed to the increased viscousness of luminal contents. It causes delayed gastric voidance, which account for around 35 % of the discrepancy in extremum glucose concentrations after consuming glucose. It besides reduces the rate of glucose diffusion through the H2O bed. The most of import factor in respects to glycemic consequence is soluble fibre ‘s ability to increase viscousness and organize gel-like stools. Soluble fibre besides becomes fermented in the colon and outputs short-chain fatty acids. It is thought that these short concatenation fatty acids may be good to lipid metamorphosis and cardiovascular disease bar ( Pittler and Ernst 2004 ; Papathanasopoulos and Camilleri 2010 ) . â€Å" In experimental clinch surveies, soluble dietetic fibre besides influences peripheral glucose uptake mechanisms, including increased skeletal musculus look of the insulin- responsive glucose transporter type, which enhanced skeletal musculus consumption, augmenting insulin sensitiveness and normalising blood glucose degrees. In worlds, several fatty acids stimulate look of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor, which increases degrees of adipocyte glucose † Insoluble fibre includes cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin. Insoluble fibre does acquire fermented in the colon, but it attracts H2O which increases faecal majority, softening, and defecation. The chief consequence of indissoluble fibre in respects to glycemia is heightened insulin sensitiveness. â€Å" Changes in intestine microbiota have been implicated, in position of ascertained microbiota differences between corpulent and thin topics, reduced Gram-negative bacterial content with diets high in dietetic fibre as opposed to high-fat diets, and experimental informations demoing insulin opposition develops after daily hypodermic injections of Gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharides. A test of whole grain in healthy adult females showed accelerated GIP and insulin response and improved postprandial glycemia during the undermentioned twenty-four hours. † The aim of the first survey was to find the extent to which Beta-Glucan reduces the glycemic index ( GI ) of oat merchandises and whether high degrees of Beta-Glucan impair palatableness. The survey wanted to find if there was a nexus between low GI nutrients and direction of Type Two Diabetes ( DM II ) . Sixteen trial topics were selected from a pool of patients at St. Michaels Diabetes Clinic with HbA1 degrees within 5.5 % – 8.5 % , with one exclusion of a patient that had 11.4 % HbA1. Ten participants were male and 6 were female, with an mean BMI of 29. All were diagnosed with DM II. Thirteen participants were treated with unwritten agents, and 3 used diet entirely. The breakfast cereal and a bite saloon ‘s which were enriched with extra b-glucans to bring forth a low glycemic index oat bran merchandise. Three tests were conducted with the breakfast cereal and bite saloon, utilizing the mean step of the postprandial glucose degrees. The consumer ‘s postprandial glucose degrees in response to white staff of life served as the control. This survey showed that when topics with type 2 diabetes consumed extruded breakfast cereals incorporating different degrees of oat bran dressed ore ( 8, 10.3 and 12.5g % b-glucan ) , decreases in postprandial glycemia ranged from 33 % to 62 % . This survey is done in a similar format to ours ; nevertheless it merely compared postprandial glucose degrees in response to beta-glucan enriched nutrients to white staff of life. Our survey is comparing a pure fibre addendum of Fleawort to an equal dietetic fibre repast. Besides, our trial topics will non hold diabetes. ( Jenkins, Kendall et al. 2008 ) The 2nd survey that was most similar to ours was conducted to see the benefits of syrupy fibre in topics who were insulin resistant. Dietary fibre has late received acknowledgment for cut downing the hazard of developing diabetes and bosom disease. The deduction is that it may hold curative benefit in pre-diabetic metabolic conditions. To prove this hypothesis, this survey investigated the consequence of supplementing a high-carbohydrate diet with fibre from Konjac-Mannan ( KJM ) on metabolic control in topics with insulin opposition syndrome. KJM is derived from Konjac, which is a sweet yam from the Araceae household with the botanical name: Amorphophallus spp. Two hundred and 78 topics between the ages of 45 and 65 old ages were screened from the Canadian-Maltese Diabetes Study. A sum of 11 ( age 55 A ± 4 old ages, BMI 28 A ± 1.5 kg/m2 ) were recruited who met the standards: impaired glucose tolerance, reduced HDL cholesterin, elevated serum triglycerides, and moderate high blood pressure. After an 8-week control-trial, they were indiscriminately assigned to take either KJM fibre enriched trial biscuits with 0.5 g of glucomannan per 100 kcal or wheat bran fibre control biscuits for two 3-week intervention periods separated by a 2-week washout. In this cross-over survey, the diets had the same sum of energy, were metabolically controlled, and conformed to National Cholesterol Education Program Step 2 guidelines. Serum lipoids, glycemic control, and blood force per unit area were measured in each test. During the experimental hebdomads, participants received absolutely portioned and packaged nutrients delivered to their work or place. These repasts were absolutely portioned with macro-nutrients in indistinguishable ratios. The Calories of each repast were tailored to run into the demands of each person, with fibre being 1.5g/ 100 kcals of nutrient. These two groups merely differed in the facet of KJM flour or the control, wheat bran flour. Both of these repasts were tantamount in fiber measure. KJM showed a fasting glycemia bead by 13 A ± 2.5 % ( P 0.0001 ) compared with 9.6 A ± 4.3 % ( P 0.05 ) on control. However, these consequences are non important, since the assurance intervals overlap. This survey compared KJM flour, which is rich in a high-viscous fibre, to fiber-enriched bran flour and tested many consequences, of which postprandial glucose degrees was one. The consequences showed no important difference between the two fiber-enriched flours. While this survey is near to our proposed survey, our survey will be comparing a fleawort addendum to dietetic fibre ; non comparing two types of dietetic fibre. This survey supplied us with thoughts for what to provide to our trial topics in their repasts. This survey gave their trial topics repasts that were absolutely portioned with macro-nutrients in indistinguishable ratios. This is indispensable for our survey to hold accurate consequences. ( Vuksan, Sievenpiper et Al. 2000 ) There have been several surveies that show that a fiber addendum lowers postprandial glucose degrees. However, none of the surveies are comparing auxiliary fibre to dietetic fibre. The inquiry if auxiliary fibre has a different consequence on glucose degrees than dietetic fibre has non been answered. A survey was conducted to see the consequence of seaweed addendum on glucose, lipid profile, and antioxidant enzyme activities in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nine work forces and 11 adult females with diabetes controlled by diet and/or unwritten hypoglycaemic agents, a BMI of & lt ; 35, a fasting plasma glucose concentrations & gt ; 150 mg/dl, no ingestion of lipid-lowering drugs, and were 40 to 70 old ages of age were selected. Aside from diabetes, all topics were in good general wellness and had no clinical or laboratory grounds of nephritic, hepatic, or cardiovascular disease. Subjects were randomized into either a control group or a seaweed supplementation group. Pills with equal parts of prohibitionist powdered sea tangle and sea mustard were provided to the seaweed supplementation group three times a twenty-four hours for 4 hebdomads. Entire day-to-day ingestion of seaweed was 48 g. The topics continued normal day-to-day activities and exercising forms. Food consumption of each topic was quantitatively evaluated by 24 hr callback. The dietitian collected informations utilizing calibrated theoretical accounts to gauge the size of nutrient parts. Daily alimentary consumption was calculated utilizing the Computer Aided Nutritional Analysis plan ( Can-Pro ) package ( version 3.0 ; The Korean Nutrition Society ) based on informations from Korean food-composition tabular arraies. There were no important differences in fasting blood glucose ( FBG ) or postprandial 2 hr BG at baseline between the two groups. After seaweed supplementation, the concentrations of FBG and PP-2hr BG were decreased significantly in patients having seaweed supplementation, but there were no important differences in controls. Increased dietetic fibres intake from supplementation had good effects on FBG and PP-2hr BG ( Kim, Kim et Al. 2008 ) . This survey is similar to ours in regard that it is reexamining the consequence that auxiliary fibre has on postprandial glucose degrees. However, their control group did non hold the same sum of fibre in their diet as the supplemented group. The supplemented group was acquiring 2.5 times more fibres in their diet than the control. The fact that fibre affects glucose degrees is non in inquiry. With our research, we have been seeing that most surveies have a narrower age scope, this will assist us to find what age scope we would wish our trial topics to be. Besides, this survey used a nutrition analysis plan on the computing machine to calculate the foods ingested by the trial topics. We will utilize a similar method. A survey was conducted, look intoing the differences between fibre repasts enriched with soluble dietetic fibres from oats, rye bran, sugar Beta vulgaris fibre or a mixture of these three fibres. The survey looked at postprandial glucose and insulin effects. Thirteen healthy human voluntaries, 6 work forces and 7 adult females, ages 20-28 old ages of age were included in the survey. The topics were instructed to fast the dark before. They came to the installation one time a hebdomad ( 5 hebdomads entire ) and ingested a repast each clip in a random order. The repasts contained either oat pulverization ( 62 g, of which 2.7 soluble fibre ) , rye bran ( 31 g, of which 1.7 g soluble fibre ) , sugar Beta vulgaris fibre ( 19 g, of which 5 g soluble fibre ) , a mixture of these three fibres ( 74 g, 1.7 g soluble fibre from each beginning, giving 5 g soluble fibre ) , and no added fibre, which was the control. All repasts were adjusted to incorporate the same entire sum of available saccharides. Blood samples were drawn before the repast and every 30 min for 3 hours. Meals with rye bran gave a lower postprandial glucose extremum when compared with the control repast, and this consequence was more marked in adult females compared to work forces. Oat pulverization, incorporating a low sum of entire fibre and a high sum of saccharides in liquid matrix, gave a higher incremental glucose extremum concentration compared to rye bran and sugar Beta vulgaris fibre and higher insulin incremental country under curve compared to command. The oat pulverization besides influenced the effects of the assorted repast, decreasing the glucose-lowering effects. Postprandial triglyceride degrees tended to be higher after all fiber-rich repasts, but merely important for oat pulverization and the assorted repast when compared with the control repast ( Ulmius, Johansson et Al. 2009 ) . This survey concluded that soluble fibre influences postprandial glucose, insulin and triglycerides depending on fiber beginning, dosage of soluble and entire fibre, and perchance gender. While this survey was proving the difference of assorted beginnings of dietetic fibre, it is utile to our survey because they use methods similar to what we want to utilize. They tested their topics ‘ glucose degrees every 30 proceedingss for 3 hours. Besides, the survey had to add assorted things to the different repasts to guarantee that they had similar micronutrient content ; protein was the lone 1 that varied. A Reviewing these surveies has besides given us a way for a sample size.

Labor Market for Nurses in Florida

Florida State is located in the South Eastern region of the United States.   Most of it is a peninsula bordered by the Gulf of Mexico on the west and Atlantic Ocean on the East.   Florida has the 4th highest state population in United State. As at 2006, the population was over 18 million.   Economically by 2005, the gross state product was over 500 billion dollars.Florida’s labor market is determined by employment and wages, labor force, economic indicators and the population structure.   In 2004, Florida approved a constitutional amendment to increase the minimum wage to over 6 dollars per hour.   All employees were then supposed to comply with the wages increase (www.stateoflorida.com/portal/)In labor market, employees and workers respond in exactly opposite ways to higher wages.   More people want to work when wages go up but employers then hire fewer workers. However, if labor markets operated normally, the level of employment and subsequent wage would be deter mined by the law of supply and demand.   The number of workers on a given job and the wage paid to them should reflect an agreement between the needs of both parties.   Employers would like to hire more workers at a lower wage but not enough workers are willing to accept employment for lower pay (Lovell, 2006).Wages are determined in a market economy by among many factors, tradeoffs and government’s improvement of market outcomes.   The government can improve the outcome of the economic system and stimulate the development of a society. Tradeoffs involve sacrifices made in obtaining certain products or services rather than others using the same required resources. These factors influence the nursing wages in Florida.Nursing wages are determined mostly by the skills needed at work, place of employment and the mount of time spent at work.   Enhanced educational credentials also determine the amount of premium that a nurse is paid.   Therefore nurses are paid according to the level of academics and their job contribution. Among many determinants of wage calculation, include productivity of the worker, output per hours worked, employer’s willingness to work, cost of living, experience and many others. These factors determine wages of nurses in Florida (http://www.floridanurse.org/foundationgrants/index.asp)There are various factors that influence the supply and demand of nurses in Florida.   The rapid aging of both the population and the nursing workforce results in the need for supply of nurses to maintain pace with the growing demand. There has been a decrease in supply of nurses due to poor working environment, closure of nursing schools, nursing faculty shortages and other career opportunities. All these have decreased the supply of nurses.   Licensing data indicate that over 40% of active licensed Florida nurses are over 50 years of age and 15% are over 60 years. (http://www.dob.state.fl.us/). These factors have led to an increased demand in the supply of nursesIn Florida, various factors play a critical role in determining the salary that a nurse is to be paid.   These include the academic level, time spent at job, the locale, and experience. There are different types of nurses; school nurses, occupational health nurses, Geriatric nurses who work and care for the elderly and also those with masters and doctoral degrees.   All these have a different structure of salary.However, generally the average starting salary for a new nurse in Florida ranges from about 15 dollars an hour or around 31,000 dollars a year.   However, the salaries increase tremendously with experience.   The salary of an advanced registered nurse practitioner (ARNP) range from 45,000 dollars to over 90,000 dollars annually. (http://www.floridanurse.org/foundatrionGrnats/index.asp) Utah State also faces a shortage of nurses.   The situation is a more severe and critical shortage.   Utah has ageing nursing professionals with an a verage registered nurses being 47 years.   However, Utah can employ various techniques to increase the supply of nurses.They can increase the number of nursing faculty in the various nursing schools.   Young men and women interested in developing a career in nursing can get an opportunity to train in the arena.   The nursing schools can be increased to accommodate more students and also be able to offer refresher courses to learners. Learners can also be given loans, scholarships and grants to undertake nursing education programs. This will increase the supply of nurses tremendously.   (http://www.utahnurses.org/portal/default.)REFERENCEFlorida Nurses Association article- Retrieved on 23rd Jan 2008 from;http://www.floridanurse.org/foundationgrants/index.aspLovell, v. (2006). Solving the nursing shortage through higher wages. Institute for women’s policy research: Washington DC, USA.Utah Nurses Association article- Retrieved on 23rd Jan 2008 from;http://www.utahnurses. org/portal/default.

The US government response to steel industry and union efforts to win protection from imports Essays

The US government response to steel industry and union efforts to win protection from imports Essays The US government response to steel industry and union efforts to win protection from imports Essay The US government response to steel industry and union efforts to win protection from imports Essay This case was the response of the US government to the domestic Steel Industry which had been facing downturns as a result of the falling profits, reduced prices, several bankruptcies and several thousands of jobs losses which has been affecting the industry since the year 1998, even though before 1998 also the condition of the US steel industry had started to decline. This state of the industry has been affecting the US governments headed by Bill Clinton as well as the Bush administration when it came into the White House in 2001. Such a trend in the domestic steel industry has been the result of the foreign imports which had been unfairly priced. In order to make the industry back to its normal position of profit-making, the representatives of the steel industry put forward before the Clinton   administration for Section 201 action, which is a trade ruling, which if proved to be successful would permit the President to bring about a steel quota or other me thods of far-reaching relief for the industry. However various critics of such relief measures stated that such measures would lead to misplacement as well as unjustified relief. Various analysts of the steel industry stated that such a situation of the US steel firms were because of the increased supply capacity present throughout the world and in US and also because various economists and consumers of steel had pointed out that cheap foreign steel was in fact good for US and the provision of quotas would affect trade retaliation. There was opinions as of the nature that if steel quotas was imposed by the US government it would tend to affect the export of steel from other countries which were actually depending on steel exports for the progress of their economy and would only be advantageous to the steel industry affecting the broader US economy. The foreign steel makers were of the view that the situation of the US steel industry was as a result of increased competition among the domestic firms and also because of an absence of consolidation. As the Clinton administration left without bringing about the case for Section 201 and the Bush administration was pressurized to bring about a comprehensive 201 trade investigation, the decisions of the Bush administration was expected to have wide-ranging effects for the steel industry of the country, for the entire US economy and for the country’s link with other foreign partners. When Bush administration came into power in 2001, even though the Steel Workers Union and Congressional Steel Caucus did not attempt to establish relationship with the President, they made all efforts in order to bring about protection for the industry. However it was expected that there would be attempts at promoting policies for free trade and that Bush would not allow for section 201 for protection of the steel industry. By March 2001, a broad-based coalition of steel associations emphasized for a comprehensive relief package for the declining steel industry and started to request the administration to bring about the case for section 201 or to find other measures which were compatible with the WTO regulations to tighten the imports into the country. There was a great demand for implementing section 201 as other measures of dumping cases was not proving to be effective. Even though it was expected that Bush administration would not implement the case for section 201, on 5 June, 2001, President Bush to the surprise of all and go by going against the free trade principles of the Republican Party, announced that his administration would bring out a case of section 201 for 33 kinds of steel imports. However this attempt of bringing about a case of section 201 was being criticized as being yielding into the pressure of the unions and industry. There was also criticism that such a move for section 201 would affect US consumers as well as steel consuming industries by putting a restriction on importing steel.   Critics argued that subsidies and protection would not create facilities for competitive industries. There was criticism that Bush was implementing the policy so as to garner support before the November mid-term elections and positioning Bush for the 2004 presidential elections. Such a move for section 201 also created dissatisfaction with the for eign trading partners, especially, EU. However Bush administration knew very well that the case for section 201 would ultimately violate the provisions of WTO law. And as a result the WTO dispute panel in May 2003 ruled that the safeguards being put forward by the US in all of the 10 types of steel imports were considered to be illegal. Later this ruling was also upheld by the appellate body of the WTO and this created appeals from foreign trade experts, members of the Congress, steel makers as well as steel union representatives. But Bush administration stood silent on the issue. However when the EU started its moves of retaliation, Bush administration was forced to terminate section 201, after a 20-month long period of tariffs against steel import. Such a move was considered to have brought an end to efforts of consolidation of the steel industry by the steel unions and on the other hand was the decision was upheld by the critics of section 201 that it would pave a way for free-trade efforts to promote the steel industry to be competitive. This case study shows the attempts at protecting the steel industry by the US government with measures at curtailing steel imports such as dumping which when proved ineffective being altered with the measure of section 201 so as to promote the domestic steel industry. These measures had to be adopted as the steel industry was badly hit by declining prices, falling profits and increased imports, and the Government had to intervene in order to protect and promote the domestic steel industry.

Search Draft Registration Records (Cards) From WWII

Search Draft Registration Records (Cards) From WWII Millions of men living in America completed draft registration cards between 1940 and 1943 as part of the WWII draft. The majority of these draft cards are not yet open to the public for privacy reasons, but almost 6 million WWII draft cards completed during the fourth registration by men between the ages of 42 and 64 in 1942 are open to the public  for research. This registration, known as the Old Mans Draft, provides a great deal of information on the men who participated, including their full name, address, physical characteristics, and date and place of birth. Note: Ancestry.com has started to make World War II draft cards from the 1-3 registrations, and 5-6 registrations available online in a new database U.S. WWII Draft Cards Young Men, 1898-1929. As of  July 2014, the database  includes registrations filled out by men in Arkansas, Georgia, Louisiana, and North Carolina. Record Type:  Draft registration cards, original records (microfilm and digital copies also available) Location:  U.S., although some individuals of foreign birth are also included. Time Period:  1940–1943 Best For:  Learning the exact date of birth and place of birth for all registrants. This can be especially useful for research of foreign-born men who never became naturalized U.S. citizens. It also provides a source for tracking individuals after the 1930 U.S. census. What is a WWII Draft Registration Record? On May 18, 1917, the Selective Service Act authorized the President to temporarily increase the U.S. military. Under the office of the Provost Marshal General, the Selective Service System was established to draft men into military service. Local boards were created for each county or similar state subdivision, and for every 30,000 people in cities and counties with a population greater than 30,000. During World War II there were seven draft registrations: October 16, 1940 - all men 21-31 years residing in the U.S. - whether native born, naturalized, or alienJuly 1, 1941 - men who reached age 21 since the first registrationFebruary 16, 1942 - men 20-21 and 35-44 years of ageApril 27, 1942 - Men 45-64 years of age. Not liable for military service. *Only draft cards open to publicJune 30, 1942 - Men 18-20 years of ageDecember 10-31, 1942 - Men who reached the age of 18 since the previous registrationNovember 16 - December 31, 1943 - American men living abroad, aged 18-44 What You Can Learn From WWII Draft Records: Keep in mind that WWII Draft Registration Records are not military service records - they dont document anything past the individuals arrival at training camp and contain no information about an individuals military service. It is also important to note that not all of the men who registered for the draft actually served in the military, and not all men who served in the military registered for the draft. How to Search the WWII Draft Registration Records If youre searching online and dont know where your individual was living, you can sometimes find him through other identifying factors. Many individuals registered by their full name, including middle name, so you might try searching for a variety of name variations. You could also narrow the search by month, day and/or year of birth.

Marketing Plan for Atlantic Quench Cranberries Inc Essay - 9

Marketing Plan for Atlantic Quench Cranberries Inc - Essay Example The research will mainly focus is the population that is highly demanding for natural and healthy drinks today. The budget for the marketing plan will cover the costs of doing market research, differentiating products, and advertising the improved products. The emphasis of this marketing plan is to ensure the healthy products from this company reach the target market. The Cranberry products include juice drinks with cranberry flavors. In 2002, the co-operative introduced to the market the Cranberry Classic in a 250 ml with an aim to target desire consumers in the convenience sector. In 2003 the organization, AQC increased its products of the ‘light’ low-calorie fruit drinks. These were inclusive of cranberry and blackcurrant, cranberry and raspberry, and cranberry and mango. Later in 2004, a white cranberry juice drink was launched and promoted as sweeter and smoother alternative to the red cranberry juice drinks. These measures have been introduced to specifically targe t the fast-growing chilled drinks sector. A cranberry and mandarin juice drink were introduced to the market in 2005. According to the publication by Public Health England (PHE), â€Å"Soft drinks account for the main cause of sugar consumption between 2008 and 2012†. Several governmental and non-governmental bodies, such as National Health Service (NHS) and Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition (SACN) are; therefore, keen to reduce the consumption of sugary drinks by supporting and â€Å"pushing† sugar taxation. Due to consumer awareness, buyers prefer more healthy drinks with less containing sugar. In the UK demand is increasing for healthy juice drinks, leaving carbonated soft drinks behind, because of the poor image created in recent years.

Diversity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Diversity - Essay Example Cultural competence affirms the individual worth and facilitates in the protection of individual dignity. This process entails certain policies, practices and attitudes that increase the quality of services received by individual (Meidl & Meidl, 2011). Accordingly, all learning institutions must encourage and respect diversity in their learning policies and practices. Mary Beth Klotz (2006) asserts defines a culturally competent school as the one that honors, values and respects diversity in both teaching and learning in order to make the learning meaning and relevant to students with different cultural backgrounds (Marx & Byrnes, 2012). Ethnic diversity Students who experience negative stereotypes tend to have low self-esteem thus struggling with their academic work. Cultural differences affect language processing, social status and perceptual abilities. For instance, African-Americans of all grades experience negative schooling environment. Accordingly, White students account for 5 6 percent of students while African Americans account for 15 percent. English language learners of Latino ethnic background experience the highest dropouts. The rate of school dropout among White students is only 5.2 percent while compared with a high of 17.6 percent among Latinos and 9.3 percent among African American students (Marx & Byrnes, 2012). Teachers modify their approach to teaching depending on the varying perceptions and expectations of the students (Marx & Byrnes, 2012). The teachers must foster positive engagement through encouraging self-esteem in order to promote active participation of all students in the classroom. For students with English language difficulties, the teachers must respect the native language of the child. A cooperative learning strategy will address ethnic diversity through role-playing and encouraging students to work as a group (Marx & Byrnes, 2012). Accordingly, teachers can bridge the ethnic differences through positively talking about the diff erences and persuading the students to refrain from ethnic stereotyping (Marx & Byrnes, 2012). Intellectual challenge like learning disability Students with learning disabilities have low academic outcomes. Accordingly, this category of students has trouble in learning due to low perceptual skills and motor skills (Novak & Bartelheim, 2012). However, numerous pedagogical strategies accommodate students with learning disabilities. The teacher must be aware of the level of learning disability and implement a individual education plan that accommodates the learning needs of the student (Novak & Bartelheim, 2012). One of the strategies entails providing an outline of the course content and enough opportunities for the student to practice. The teacher can also use teamwork and encourage the students to play different roles within the learning group (Novak & Bartelheim, 2012). Culturally relevant pedagogy Teaching and learning in a culturally diverse classroom requires the understanding a nd respect of the cultures (Novak & Bartelheim, 2012). Cultural stereotypes and privileges disadvantage some students thus teachers must build alliances across the cultures in order to eradicate discrimination in learning. The teacher can incorporate issues dealing with ethnic background and culture in order to enable the students appreciate and respect the unique cultural differences (Thurlow, 2005).