The Rational Decision Making Paradigm - 1514 Words

1. (a) Did Rohrtech’s Board use the rational decision-making paradigm at the end of the case when it decided to replace Devine with O’Grady as COO? Support your answer with facts from the case and a thorough knowledge of the rational decision-making paradigm. Rohrtech’s Board did effectively use rational decision-making paradigm at the end of the case when they decided to replace Devine with O’Grady as chief operating officer. The decision does not appear to be taken with much thought but the best solution was definitely not found. The rational decision-making paradigm cannot easily be applied to reality because people cannot be perfectly rational (McShane, Steen, Tasa, 2015). The Rational Choice Decision-Making Process outlines a†¦show more content†¦Given the circumstances the decision of removing Devine as Chief Operating Officer is an extreme and should have resulted as a last option. Training could have been an option or personally speaki ng to the managers as to why they do not want to work with Devine. The fifth step is to implement the selected choice, which in fact was implemented right away by the board without any prior thought put into this impactful decision. The last step is to evaluate the selected choice. Although Devine was given a project to work on after his position was taken away, he was later terminated. It is not rational in any way to first demote the Chief Operating Officer and then later have them terminated. The board does not know entirely what is going on day to day between managers and subordinates, so they make decision based on the information presented to them. In this case it is obvious that all the issues were only addressed from the managers, Weston, and O’Grady’s point of view. There was no importance given to Devine’s perspective, which is unjust. 2. Use 2 theories, models and/or concepts from Chapters 2, 3 and 4 that help to explain O’Grady’s behavior toward Devine. Organizational commitment is a theory that can help explain O’Grady’s behaviour towards Devine. This theory focuses on an employee’s emotional attachment to an organization, reflecting their behavior within that organization. â€Å"Affective commitment is aShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Article The Dating Game Killer 1069 Words   |  5 Pagesout that, â€Å"The Classical Paradigm, during the middle of the eighteenth century, founded by Cesare Beccaria a utilitarian philosopher who embraced the belief that human beings are rational, calculating, and hedonistic beings. With the decline of the Classical paradigm, when the focus of rationality lead to the focus on science. A new paradigm emerged, a Neoclassical Paradigm: Rational Choice Perspective (Paternoster Bachman, 2001, p. 23). The theoretical approach to rational choice begins with theRead MoreOrganisational Behaviour Ch71499 Words   |  6 PagesCHAPTER 7 DECISION MAKING AND CREATIVITY Describe the six stages in the rational choice decision process Decision making: the conscious process of making choices among alternatives with the intention of moving toward some desired state of affairs. Rational choice paradigm of decision making: the view in decision making that people should and typically do, use logic and all available information to choose the alternative with the highest value. Decision making involves identifying, selecting andRead MorePredicting Preferences1636 Words   |  7 PagesPredicting Preferences Prediction involves making a statement concerning the likely value of an event or action uncertain or unknown at the time of the statement. Since the theory of probability, (inaugurated by the French mathematicians Blaise Pascal and Pierre Fermat in 1654), was developed to quantify uncertain events in terms of their likelihood of occurrence, formal prediction is now viewed as a mathematical topic involving probabilistic modeling. Indeed, the mathematician Karl Pearson saidRead MoreThe Ethics Of An Ethical Leader1251 Words   |  6 PagesHave an understanding of the organizational culture while making sure everyone is treated with dignity and respect regardless of their backgrounds. Making sure the organization is in compliance and following the company’s code of ethics. Lastly, making clear to those they lead that ethics is a day-to-day business and the way that we should operate professionally and personally. What impediments do leaders encounter in making ethical decisions? In the readings entitled â€Å"Bounded Ethicality as a PsychologicalRead MoreRationalist vs. Behavioralist Paradigms1998 Words   |  8 Pagesbusiness paradigms? Within the business disciplines, we are fortunate to have two major paradigms (schools of thought): rationalist and behavioralist. An ideological/theoretical conflict has existed between the two paradigms for over 50 years. Is human decision behavior more consistent with the rationalist models or behavioralist models? Behavioral finance has grown out of this conflict and will likely result in the resolution of the conflict as time passes. What is a paradigm? ThomasRead MoreOrganizational Paradigm2960 Words   |  12 PagesOrganizational Paradigms Introduction The purpose of this paper is to compare and contrast the three predominant organizational paradigms; rational, natural and open systems. Each paradigm has its own unique characteristics and understanding these paradigms can best be understood through real-life examples of the paradigms in use. Before the paradigms are described and related, the term organization and organizational theory must be defined. Definitions Applying a specific definitionRead MoreThe Theory Narrative Paradigm 1696 Words   |  7 PagesThe theory â€Å"Narrative Paradigm† by Fisher focuses on the use of narration as one of the human communication mechanisms. His publication or article which he wrote in 1985 was supported by several people as one of the wonderful and great works done in the 21st century. Fisher’s narrative has been a valued concept starting from the period of Aristotle’s poetics. Fisher came up with narrative paradigm as retaliation to the conflict that he saw in Epistemology and Axiology. In his remarks the theory ofRead MoreCriminology Theories and Capital Crimes1182 Words   |  5 Pagespsychological or sociological theory (Lynch, n.d.). Classical, Routine Activity, and Rational Choice Theories: The classical theory of crime was introduced by legal authorities in Europe who believed that criminal behavior or crime itself was a product of supernatural forces. This school of thought basically revolves around evolving from a capital punishment perspective to more humane means of punishing criminals. Therefore, decisions to break the law in classical criminology are evaluated and measured againstRead MoreRational Choice Theory : Theories Of Political, Social, And Economic Sciences1467 Words   |  6 PagesFor nearly half a century rational choice theory (RCT) has dominated analyses of political, social, and economic sciences. Due to the theory’s objectivity and systematic predictability, rational choice is able to provide a comforting procedure to studying the decision-making process. However to truly gauge how and why actors make decisions, a more diversified and complex degree of emotions and behaviors must also be analyzed. Despite our efforts to prove the contrary, a ctors are human, thereforeRead MoreThe Rational Decision Making Process1630 Words   |  7 PagesA rational decision implies that a qualitative and considered thought process was undertaken in order to reach an optimal outcome. Although there are defined rules that add structure to the rational decision making process (Tripathi PNP 2007; Williams, McWilliams 2013), according to contingency theory and with respect to the rationality paradigm, there are limits to which an optimal outcome is realised (Morgan 1986, p. 167; Schoonhoven 1981, p. 352). External factors such as government, customers

Article Review Consumer Behavior in Shopping Center Choice

SOCIAL BEHAVIOR AND PERSONALITY, 2004, 32(8), 783-790  © Socieiy for Personality Research (Inc.) CONSUMER BEHAVIOR IN SHOPPING CENTER CHOICE VEYSEL YILMAZ Osmangazi University, Eski^ehir, Turkey This study was designed to research factors which consumers consider when choosing a shopping center and to develop a suggestion model for shopping center choice. First a questionnaire about choosing a shopping center was fonned. Then the questionnaire was given to 300 randomly chosen consumers and collected on the next day. Two hundred and sixty-two fully filled out questionnaires were analyzed. Besides demographic questions, effective factors determining people s shopping center choice were asked for 17 items. Four models related to†¦show more content†¦Golob (2001a) tested a series of joint models of attitude and behavior to explain how both mode choice and attitudes regarding a combined household variables and toll facility (HOT lanes) differ across the population. Applying Weighted Least Squares (WLS) estimation to a data set from San Diego, California, the author demonstrates that choices appear to influence some opinions and perceptions, but other opinions and percept ions are independent of behavior and dependent only upon exogenous personal and household variables. None of the models tested found any significant effects of attitudes on choice. Most papers written have focused on the variables explaining the attraction of shopping center choice (e.g., Suarez, Rodriguez del Bosque, Rodriguez-Poo, Moral, 2004: Degeratu, Rangaswamy, Wu, 2000; Severin, Louviere, Finn, 2001). They have always used logit models and a random effect model. Degeratu et al. focus specifically on assessing whether or not brand names and price have an impact on choices online and in traditional supermarkets. Severin et al. investigated use of relatively recent developments in random utility theory to assess the stability over time and space of the preferences underlying retailshoppingShow MoreRelatedStrip Malls: Causes of Failure and Success2754 Words   |  12 PagesDNSI 375 DESIGN THEORY AND RESEARCH Introduction and Literature Review You have a great start on the literature review. I would spend a little bit more time on the introduction and conclusion. The introduction should be more persuasive and can be referenced (see my comments below). 17/20 Strip Malls: Causes of Failure and Success Introduction With the economic downturn, businesses are suffering greatly and closing rapidly; because of this it is important to figure out ways to reduce theseRead MoreJC Penneys New Pricing Strategy1411 Words   |  6 Pagesfinished launching three television shopping channels and its Internet store was one of the largest home furnishing and home stores on the Web. 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Discussion about the Cognitive Styles and Learning Strategies

Question: Discuss about the Cognitive Styles and Learning Strategies. Answer: Introduction The current report revolves around self-evaluation, which provides the insight regarding how an individual could accomplish the future goals and create a desired personality. The self-assessment increases knowledge of different fields such as managerial knowledge, decision-making, problem solving and leadership. With the help of self-assessment skills, one could easily apply the leadership skills in the organization where the person may work in future (Boud, Keogh and Walker 2013). There have been different aspects involved in self-evaluation positively influencing the individuals. Therefore, analysis of the aspects helps to know the techniques of applying those aspects while dealing with the real events and facts. The report also includes an action plan, which shows I could work against my weakness identified due to the self-assessment. Explaining my future goal and presenting a brief review of my self-assessment findings It is evident that individual goals should be clear, specific and achievable. Every individual should form specific goals in the beginning of starting the education. Once, the goals are established, all that remain is the process of achieving the goals. Thus, as I am pursuing my career in the field of management, I wish to become a good leader in an MNC. I know there have been different aspects of management; thereby, it is necessary to one of the specific fields. Hence, I selected leadership. Leadership is one of those aspects that I could apply in my own career. In addition, I see many successful leaders leading large organizations in the global field. Thus, I set specific goals to become a successful leader. However, there are certain procedures to achieve these goals. Hence, I would discuss about skills that require and my efficiencies in those skills. Self-assessment Skills My Performance Things to achieve Managerial skills I am not much efficient in managing the situation that suddenly arrives. For example, whenever I am required to resolve a dispute with my friends, I may end up taking the wrong decision. This eventually affects me. Hence, I should develop some required skills that increase my ability to take right decision. I want to develop those skills that control my impulsive nature. I need to learn skills of managing, planning, organizing and implementing. Decision making skills When it comes to take a decision that eventually provides a desired outcome for the benefit of a group where I work with other people, I take the responsibility to making the decision for all. I consider myself as a good decision maker. There have been many instances where I resolved the conflict taking the ultimate decision. Although, I am good at taking and implementing the decision, I need to learn the skills to resolve the conflicts in a workplace. The workplace conflicts are common issues to be appeared. Therefore, I need to learn those skills to take the right decisions for conflict handling. Problem Solving skills While resolving the problems, it is necessary to find out the sources that cause the problems. Hence, I need observation skills. However, I am not highly efficient in observing the situations. I pay attention while observing the things that increases my ability. I need to develop problem skills. I need to learn the techniques that are required to resolve a particular issue. For example, conflicts among the employees may occur in the workplace. Hence, I should gain the ability to understand the reasons for what employee conflicts arrive in the workplace Time management skills I am not much efficient in managing time. I remember every year at the time of final exam of the course I end up dealing with unnecessary anxiety. I try to build time schedule to manage each daily activity. However, some gaps are there that I need to develop. Hence, I need to follow time management theory or the models, which could help me to manage all my daily activities. In addition, in future, the number daily activities may increase. Thus, I need to prepare for the coming challenge. Communication skills I am good at communicating with people. My writing skills are good but I am not efficient at other skills such as verbal and listening. Due to the state of being impulsive, I find it difficult to form a good communication. I am aware of the fact while dealing with managerial activities, the performance of my present communication is not effective. I need to develop my communication skills. I need to develop each aspect involved in communication. I need to pay attention to listening and verbal skills. Table 1: Self-assessment (Source: Created by myself) Presenting an in-depth critical analysis of the findings By assessing my abilities and current skills, I found certain areas that highly need to be developed to achieve my future goals. Firstly, I observe that decision-making skills come in an individual by experiencing different situations. Self-assessment is probably the most critical of all tutorial-based assessments, as it must be considered not just for the potential review, also as a skill (McKernan and McKernan 2013).As commented by Moon (2013), the self-assessment significant component that forms ones competence. Therefore, I would mention that the insight of marketing is constantly changing; hence, I need to gain the ability to evaluate my personal deficiencies. This could influence my ability to practice management over a long period. Thus, I believe that enhancement of these skills is significantly important as it elaborates the protocols that are supposed to be developed. For example, as discussed above my decision making skills are sufficient to deal with any critical situatio n. However, in this context, Russell and Korthagen (2013) commented that in order to make good decision, it is necessary for an individual to set personal standards. By setting personal standards, an individual is likely to avoid disappointment as well as feelings of failure. In addition, I have observed that good decisions should be made considering the values, priorities and ethics. Hence, Busse, Aboneh and Tefera (2014) stated that good decisions are based on priorities and values. Therefore, the decisions should reflect the things or the aspects that people care as well as feel are significant. On the contrary, Winston, Creamer and Miller (2013) commented that many have people have certain habit or the tendency to make excuses at time of making the choices that do not prove as planned. Therefore, I found that excuse only waste time as well as energy. This could make me less able to accomplish goals. On the other side, from the self-assessment, I found my communication skills are not up to the mark. However, communication is one of the significant aspects that should be nurtured by every individual. I believe that communication is required in every field of profession. In fact, effective communication also has large impact on personal life an individual. Although, I find my writing skills are appropriate but I need to focus on other aspects of the communication. In this context, Mayes and Moon (2013) commented that communications are how people give and receive information and convey the ideas and opinions regarding the things that are around us. Conversely, Rienties, Brouwe and Lygo-Baker (2013) mentioned that it is necessary to develop a different type of skills for while communicating to others as well as learning how to interpret the information gained from others. Therefore, I have developed my understanding that knowing my audience as well as understanding how they would re ceive the information is simultaneously important as knowing others. In addition, it is necessary for an individual to present good communication skill to an employer, which is required. I observe the employers rank good communication skills of the employees. Moreover, critical situations often occur in the workplace. Therefore, it is necessary for the leader or the manager to become competent in communication. When an individual works in a group or team, the skills of effective communication helps to build a good relationship among the co-workers and other team members. As mentioned by Leask and Pachler (2013), the interview can be a good indicator to an organization or the employers. The performance at the interview helps employers to understand how a candidate will interacts with the supervisors, co-workers, customers and resolve the issues when they arise. As mentioned by Manolis et al. (2013), the employers usually expect good posture and eye contact and active listening. Thus, in order to develop all these skills, I need to follow effective learning approaches. Hence, I could follow Kolbs learning model. Kolbs learning model It is observed that Kolbs experiential learning style is generally presented by different stage or cycle of learning. Concrete experience- This phase revolves around a new experience of situation that is encountered (El-Gilany and Abusaad 2013). It could also interpret the existing experience. It can be mentioned that this stage of learning helps the individual to observe thing and experience. Figure 1: Kolbs Learning style (Source: Riding and Rayner 2013) Reflective Observation- The reflective observation is also of the new experience. Hence, while learning, the individual needs to observe the things before making a particular judgment viewing the surroundings from different perspectives (Ocepek et al. 2013). This stage could help me to look for the meaning of new things. As discussed earlier I am not efficient at resolving the issues due to my impulsive nature, I could resolve this weakness observing the things first from different perspectives. Thereafter, I could come to a particular judgment. Abstract conceptualization: The execution of this stage helps the individual to rely on the logical analysis and react on intellectual realization of a particular situation. This means if I reflect on a particular situation it could provide me with new ideas or enhancement of the existing abstract. Active Experimentation: This increases ability to conduct the activities by affecting others and events through different actions. This may also include the action of risk taking. This stage also comes from the observation of previous stage. I have discussed how I could apply this theory of learning to overcome my weakness. In addition, the authors in existing research also highlight this particular theory while recommending individuals to increase the skills and efficiency. Learning to manage RE- Hence, I will take help from a manager who guides me in managing others in the workplace. AE- I will use the skills of the individual along with what I have learnt to accomplish my own managing style. RO- Observing how others manage. AC- I will go through and read the secondary sources of information to identify the pros and cons of different approach of managing people. Reflecting on my critical analysis The above-mentioned critical analysis helps to considers that certain fields associated with the self-assessment such as identifying the gaps in the assessment. From the critical analysis, I have found that I need to focus more on communication and decision-making skills. The critical analysis also indicates that how communication helps in a workplace where the potential issues like employee conflict is certain to happen. While conducting the self-assessment analysis, I have divided the skills in different categories. It helps to identify my weaknesses and strengths in the respective areas. This technique facilitates the ways of analyzing the skills and avoids the potential gaps in the analysis. The assessment also highlights the things I yet need to achieve to achieve my desired goals. By conducting the assessment, I have found that I lack effective time management skills. I lack proper skills of time management because I do not set plans for implementing any particular activity. When the situation arrives for implementation of the activities, without any proper schedule, I implement the tasks. However, I require a particular schedule to accomplish those activities. Additionally, if I maintain a time schedule chart, I could overcome the problem of managing time. Likewise, my communication is not developed properly as I have not practiced communicating with people. I would communicate with small number of people in a group. Therefore, I increase the gaps in the communication. It is essential to communicate with others in a large group. Furthermore, it is also important to regularize the communication. Similarly, while developing the listening skills, one has to relate the things said by the audience with the context while hearing them. My self-assessment activity also provides the outcome that I find it difficult to deal with the stress, which causes an xiety. This happens due to my impulsive state of being. I lack patience; thereby, I find it difficult observe the other factors that cause the actions. This increases my stress. Hence, I need to utilize my observation skills to understand any situation. Discussing its impact in becoming future leader or manager Once, the assessment is conducted, through critical analysis, I have compared my findings with the outcomes and statements provided by the authors. I have found that my communication skills are not highly developed. Thus, if I do not put the effort in developing my communication, I will be facing serious issues with communication in the workplace. While dealing with large number of people in a group or team, I have to communicate with every individual as the role of a leader to identify the potential issues. In addition, if I follow an open management style, the effective communication is highly required. While analyzing the ways to develop the areas that need improvement, I have linked the processes with Kolbs learning style. This helps me to easily implement techniques for gaining the desired outcome. The self-learning style of Kolb provides different phases of learning. Thus, the implementation of each phase could provide me with positive outcome. Hence, I would also mention that while becoming a good leader I need to relay more on observation of things that increase my experience. Developing the action plan Goals Tasks Time Frame Resources Enhance communication skills (Short-Term Goals ) Hence, I need to receive training from the seniors and attend the training sessions. Thereafter, I could implement the things that are taught in the session. For developing the reading skills, I need to read articles and stories that are related to learning. For developing the verbal skills, I would emphasize on interacting with people in a group on regular basis. 3 Months-6 Months For developing attending the training session, highly developed technology is required. Physical resources are also required for regular interaction. Time management skill (Middle-Term goals) I need to focus on the techniques used in time management skills. I may require preparing a daily schedule of activities and based on the schedule I will implement the activities. 6 Months Decision making skills (long-term goals) Before taking any decision, first, I will observe things that are surrounding the situation. Hence, I would follow few great personalities who have become tremendously successful in running the operation of large organizations 6 Months-1 year Hence, I require the annual data of the organizations and personal statement of the managers of large organizations. I require risks management strategies applied in the workplace in an organization. Table 2: Developing the Action plan (Source: Created by Myself) Conclusion On the completion of the report, I mention that this by conducting a self-assessment I have identified my strengths and weakness. Based on the assessment, I could further develop the strategies to overcome those areas. Likewise, the critical analysis also helps me to importance of those areas. I have gained an insight about how I would apply those managerial skills in real field of management. Reference list: Boud, D., Keogh, R. and Walker, D., 2013. Promoting reflection in learning A modeli.Boundaries of adult learning,1, pp.32-57. Busse, H., Aboneh, E.A. and Tefera, G., 2014. Learning from developing countries in strengthening health systems: an evaluation of personal and professional impact among global health volunteers at Addis Ababa Universitys Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital (Ethiopia).Globalization and health,10(1), p.1. El-Gilany, A.H. and Abusaad, F.E.S., 2013. Self-directed learning readiness and learning styles among Saudi undergraduate nursing students.Nurse Education Today,33(9), pp.1040-1044. Leask, M. and Pachler, N., 2013.Learning to teach using ICT in the secondary school: A companion to school experience. Routledge. Manolis, C., Burns, D.J., Assudani, R. and Chinta, R., 2013. Assessing experiential learning styles: A methodological reconstruction and validation of the Kolb Learning Style Inventory. Learning and Individual Differences, 23, pp.44-52. Mayes, A.S. and Moon, B. eds., 2013.Teaching and learning in the secondary school. Routledge. McKernan, J. and McKernan, J., 2013.Curriculum action research: A handbook of methods and resources for the reflective practitioner. Routledge. Moon, J.A., 2013.Reflection in learning and professional development: Theory and practice. Routledge. Ocepek, U., Bosni, Z., erbec, I.N. and Rugelj, J., 2013. Exploring the relation between learning style models and preferred multimedia types.Computers Education,69, pp.343-355. Riding, R. and Rayner, S., 2013.Cognitive styles and learning strategies: Understanding style differences in learning and behavior. Routledge. Rienties, B., Brouwer, N. and Lygo-Baker, S., 2013. The effects of online professional development on higher education teachers' beliefs and intentions towards learning facilitation and technology.Teaching and Teacher Education,29, pp.122-131. Russell, T. and Korthagen, F., 2013.Teachers who teach teachers: Reflections on teacher education. Routledge. Winston, R.B., Creamer, D.G. and Miller, T.K., 2013.The professional student affairs administrator: Educator, leader, and manager. Routledge.

Youtube Symphony Orchestra Essay Example For Students

Youtube Symphony Orchestra Essay I clicked on this link wondering what I was going to hear for the next hour. Contrary to what I thought it was magnificent and captivating. While the music played, I pondered what the musicians were thinking. For a lot of the musicians, playing in the YouTube Symphony Concert is the dream they aspire to, and for those that were able to reach that goal, it is their greatest accomplishment of their careers. I found the music ingenious, creative, and alluring to my mind and mood at time I was listening. I learned at a young age how elite Carnegie Hall was and what a privilege it would be to perform any kind of art there. We will write a custom essay on Youtube Symphony Orchestra specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Considering the exclusiveness of those hand-selected to perform in Carnegie Hall I was overjoyed with what I saw. It was almost as if I knew the musicians, I felt proud they were all at the peak of their careers, and I was able to witness it. What I appreciated most was the amount of cultural diversity. It was like the United Nations under one building, absolutely heavenly. I could only imagine how thrilled the musicians must have felt to be chosen and playing with those of comparable if not better talent. The first piece was inviting and set the tone of what was to come. The audience was engaged, waiting, and wanting more. Or perhaps that was just me. You could tell that the orchestra and conductor were thoroughly enjoying the music they were playing. The gentlemen that played the large drums, which I think are called the tympani, was exceptionally fixated in his position, the camera seemed to enjoy him as well. Although he left me in question, inquiring why he put his ear next to the drum once the piece concluded. The second piece got the party started; if your attention was slipping away, it was most definitely grabbed back at this moment. It was a percussion piece that I truly appreciated! I believe that percussionists need to have a strong sense of concentration and precision, and that’s one of the reasons that I find it fascinating to watch. In the beginning, I was not foreseeing to like this piece at all because I was displeased when the guitar started playing in the beginning. Nonetheless, aside from the guitar, there was such variety of percussion instruments. It started with a very unusual instrument, the best way I can describe it is as a tribal whistle, and if I am not wrong it’s called the ocarina (I think that was probably my favorite part of this piece). They also use very odd instruments to play during the piece. I was blown away with the lady from the video, and I notice that the timber of the marimba from the video was different then when she played in stage. The guitar didn’t seem to fit, however, as time went on, I began to see where it was qualified. Sounds of all the percussion instruments were dominating. Some parts of this piece were a little rattled here and there with noises out of nowhere, almost considered out of touch just they made it work. Maybe that was the perception they were going for, either way it was interesting. The third piece seemed to bring great attention to the bassoonists, and they were really getting into the music. This is something that I am not use to seeing, or at least to the few concerts that I been to. The bassoonists that I have seen so far in concert, they just sit still without a lot of physical emotions when they are playing in stage. I think this is due partially because of how clunky and hefty their instruments are. The instrument is grand in size; the details of the anatomy are startlingly impressive. The oboist, flutes, and clarinets were so charming, they presented with such elegance and delicacy. .u7ffd6eadac702fc6bf5d2a1090bc7acf , .u7ffd6eadac702fc6bf5d2a1090bc7acf .postImageUrl , .u7ffd6eadac702fc6bf5d2a1090bc7acf .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7ffd6eadac702fc6bf5d2a1090bc7acf , .u7ffd6eadac702fc6bf5d2a1090bc7acf:hover , .u7ffd6eadac702fc6bf5d2a1090bc7acf:visited , .u7ffd6eadac702fc6bf5d2a1090bc7acf:active { border:0!important; } .u7ffd6eadac702fc6bf5d2a1090bc7acf .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7ffd6eadac702fc6bf5d2a1090bc7acf { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7ffd6eadac702fc6bf5d2a1090bc7acf:active , .u7ffd6eadac702fc6bf5d2a1090bc7acf:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7ffd6eadac702fc6bf5d2a1090bc7acf .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7ffd6eadac702fc6bf5d2a1090bc7acf .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7ffd6eadac702fc6bf5d2a1090bc7acf .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7ffd6eadac702fc6bf5d2a1090bc7acf .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7ffd6eadac702fc6bf5d2a1090bc7acf:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7ffd6eadac702fc6bf5d2a1090bc7acf .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7ffd6eadac702fc6bf5d2a1090bc7acf .u7ffd6eadac702fc6bf5d2a1090bc7acf-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7ffd6eadac702fc6bf5d2a1090bc7acf:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The impact of technology on music is overwhelming EssayAll of the musicians had such control over their breathing techniques, they didn’t miss a beat. Absolute sophistication and refinement of all the musicians in this piece was heavily displayed. It was very much in tune and flowed wonderfully, quite the difference from the previous pieces. One of my favorite part of this piece was when the tempo went from grave to presto. The fourth piece was like a greeting of Alice in the Wonderland, â€Å"off with their heads. † I could see it playing in her court as she drinks tea with the other characters. The facial muscles, mainly the buccinators, are highly exercised in this piece. The musicians are blowing with great precision and accuracy to hit the notes and be in tune with one another. In my opinion, they are doing an exceptional job in keeping the rhythm going. It was enjoyed and captured my attention the entire time. The men produced a pleasing visual and auditory combination of entertainment. I was thrilled seeing the French horns, trombone, and the trumpet played in this piece. The fifth piece was performed by Joshua Roman, who was privileged to have a solo in this concert. He is a genius when it comes to playing the cello. I have seen other videos of him on YouTube, and I love his style, his technique, and form. This trumps all pieces that I listened to prior; this is most definitely my favorite one. If it were food, my palate would be satisfied, the seasonings would be of the finest ingredients, all organic, followed by a glass of the world’s most widely recognized white wine. When I listened to the piece, I felt as though I were floating, there was not a concern in my mind, I was at complete and utter peace with myself and all surroundings. I listened to this piece several times because I truly wanted to absorb every note, and I wanted to savor it until the last stroke. With the previous videos, as I was paying attention to the musicians, I was also playing attention to the video biography. With this piece, I didn’t even notice the art that was showing in the background. It was truly phenomenal and breathtaking! In the sixth piece, I really liked what the guy from Romania said. He point out that it doesn’t matter where you come from because in music everyone speaks the same language. He also said how a musician is able to create art between the audience and the players. This is going to sound random, but when I was listening to this piece, I imagined that I was watching a movie in black and white, and the only sound that I could hear was the music that was playing in the background. When this piece was playing, there was a couple that were having an argument between them. It started slow-motion, legato, and it was heartbroken at first with practically an eerie and spooky violin solo, and it was as if the man was begging for the forgiveness from his lover, and you can tell by his body language that he felt guilty and penitent for what he has done to her. Suddenly, the dynamic and the tempo changed abruptly. I imagined the woman to be enraged and furious for what her lover had said earlier. Next the tempo became virtually frenetic. I got the feeling when the violins broke into two sections, one section was playing really fast and the other section was playing really slow, it felt as if someone was sending a signal and someone else was responding to the signal, but not utterly. It was as if the couple was disagreeing and disputing back and forth. I was in awe and amazement over how the musicians were able to bring life and emotions to this song. .u47dcc733bbd316534b096b2c791a965e , .u47dcc733bbd316534b096b2c791a965e .postImageUrl , .u47dcc733bbd316534b096b2c791a965e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u47dcc733bbd316534b096b2c791a965e , .u47dcc733bbd316534b096b2c791a965e:hover , .u47dcc733bbd316534b096b2c791a965e:visited , .u47dcc733bbd316534b096b2c791a965e:active { border:0!important; } .u47dcc733bbd316534b096b2c791a965e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u47dcc733bbd316534b096b2c791a965e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u47dcc733bbd316534b096b2c791a965e:active , .u47dcc733bbd316534b096b2c791a965e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u47dcc733bbd316534b096b2c791a965e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u47dcc733bbd316534b096b2c791a965e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u47dcc733bbd316534b096b2c791a965e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u47dcc733bbd316534b096b2c791a965e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u47dcc733bbd316534b096b2c791a965e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u47dcc733bbd316534b096b2c791a965e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u47dcc733bbd316534b096b2c791a965e .u47dcc733bbd316534b096b2c791a965e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u47dcc733bbd316534b096b2c791a965e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Music Concert Report : Piano Quintet EssayThis was an alluring and intriguing piece to watch. The seventh piece was from Richard Wagner Ride of the Valkyries from Die Walkuere. I had never heard of him until I watched this concert. I read his biography online, and I must say that I didn’t like some of his political views. Although this piece had an extravagant style, most of his work has to do with his anti-Semitism views, and also the utmost views how western society was ruined because of the interbreeding of people from different racial backgrounds. When I was listening to this piece, I couldn’t help to wonder if Hitler would have loved Wagner because of his extreme views. Even though Wagner was already dead when the Nazi movement was happening, but one can only wonder the what if. Apart from all of this, I must admit that that I admired the sharp skill that it took for the musicians to possess in order to play this song. I would point out that the trombones were actually pleasant to watch. Another thing that I was astonished to witness was the precision and rigor in which the musicians bowed the violin’s stings. Even though I personally may not like Wagner because of the whole extreme views that he had, I must say that I had a good time in watching this piece being played by the orchestra. Before I watched the concert, I read the biography online about how they started this concept, and I was astonished as to how they made this symphony concert a reality, and I have much respect and admiration for creating such a marvelous and magnificent concert. I would like to say that the orchestra and the conductor did a wonderful job. Overall, I must say that I truly had an enjoyable time and I was pleased in watching this concert. I didn’t think I would have liked watching a concert online versus watching the concert live, but I was wrong because I was entertained and amused throughout the whole concert. I will have to reconsider watching concerts online for the future. I am going to send this concert to a few of my friends, so they can also enjoy this masterpiece.

Race Crime Essays

Race Crime Essays Race Crime Essay Race Crime Essay There have been many studies conducted by both academics and government organisations to gain further insight into the reasons why, when compared to their representation as members of the population as a whole, people from black minority ethnic backgrounds, widely referred to as BME groups, are massively overrepresented in the criminal justice system in England and Wales (Webster, 2007;111). However, Feilzer and Hood have warned that all research has failed to conclusively prove whether different outcomes for minority ethnic people have been due to discrimination or as a result of other factors (Webster, 2007;112). This essay aims to critically account for the disproportionate presence of BME groups in the criminal justice system, in particular the police, the prison service and the courts, exploring possible reasons for the overrepresentation such as social exclusion and socio-economic disadvantage. The essay will also draw comparisons with other countries such as the United States of America and Australia. Criticism of the police and their relationship with BME groups is nothing new, and tensions within British society were exacerbated with the influx of West Indian immigrants in the 1950s. A study conducted in the 1960s compared urban and rural policing and described the negative stereotype that police officers held of members of the black community (Spalek, 2002;77). More recently, the murder of Stephen Lawrence and the subsequent Lawrence Inquiry produced a startling insight into the degree of, what Lord Macpherson termed, institutional racism within the criminal justice system (Macpherson, 1999). Recent statistics from the Ministry of Justice (MJ) illustrate the overrepresentation of BME groups in the criminal justice system. The Ministry of Justice report, Statistics on Race and the Criminal Justice System 2008/2009 (MJ, 2010) highlights some of the substantial differences that exist between the experiences of people from BME groups compared with those from a white background (MJ, 2010). The report illustrates that BME groups are disproportionately represented at every stage of the criminal justice system but specifically in stop and search, arrests and the prison population. However, this is not simply an issue in England and Wales, but reflects problems faced by criminal justice systems in other countries around the world (Bhui, 2009;50). It has been well established by many authors and studies that the use of stop and search powers by the police has been the most controversial issue (Bowling and Phillips, 2003;534) when dealing with the topic of policing minority ethnic communities. Stop and search powers are governed by section 1 of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act (PACE) 1984, which requires the police to have reasonable suspicion. It is this concept that gives rise to concerns about discrimination and racial profiling (Davies et al, 2005;170). People from BME backgrounds are also more likely to be stopped under the stop and search powers of section 60 of the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994, and are less likely to be given a reason for being stopped (Davies et al, 2005;171). Black and Asian people are 26. 6 and 6. 3 times more likely to be stopped and searched respectively than white people, under Section 60 of the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 (Townsend, 2010). This is a higher stop and search ratio than that recorded before the publication in 1999 of the Inquiry report into the murder of the black teenager, Stephen Lawrence. Section 60 powers enabled the police to use such stop and search in exceptional circumstances but has subsequently allowed the abuse of such powers through increased stereotyping, further alienating the most affected communities (Townsend, 2010). The report concluded that the overuse of stop and search had created significant mistrust in minority ethnic communities (Travis, 2010), and contributes to the idea that the system is institutionally racist. The Ministry of Justice report found that there has been a 70 per cent rise in BME being stopped and searched over the past 5 years. In England and Wales as a whole it was recorded that 18 people of a white background and 135 of a BME background per 1000 of the population were subject to the use of Stop and Search by the police under section 1 of PACE 1984 (MJ, 2010). The statistics show that under PACE, Black people were 7. 2 times more likely, and Asian people were 2. 1 times more likely to be stopped and searched than white people (MJ, 2010). It could therefore be argued that stop and searches are disproportionately carried out on people from BME backgrounds, under both PACE and the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act. However, there was a large variation in the number of stop and searches throughout England and Wales. In London the number per 1000 of the population was 47 white and 210 black. This variation is a result of several factors. Firstly, 54 percent of the black population of England and Wales live in London, and are therefore more likely to be stopped and searched than any other area. Secondly, 42 percent of all stop and searches are carried out by the Metropolitan Police Service, which only serve 14 percent of the whole population of England and Wales (MJ, 2010). In contrast, there are other areas within England and Wales such as Cumbria and Durham where the rate of stop and searches per 1000 of the population for those from black backgrounds compared to white backgrounds was 0. 7. This means that more white people are stopped and searched per 1000 of the population than black people (MJ, 2010). Findings from the report Offending, Crime and Justice Survey 2003-06 suggested that an individuals ethnic group was not significantly associated with increased or reduced likelihood of offending (MJ, 2010). It is however, believed that BME communities are considered to be suspect populations (Webster, 2010;95) with the tendency for black and Asian communities to receive greatly inferior treatment by the police, leading to their involvement with the criminal justice system. Similar to the stop and search statistics, people from BME groups experienced more arrests per 1000 of the population than people of white backgrounds, and black people were 3. 3 times more likely to get arrested than white people (MJ, 2010). However, Phillips and Browns study in 1998 found that of the cases that went to the Crown Prosecution Service, the proportions that were terminated were 27 per cent for Asians, 20 per cent for black people and 12 per cent for white people (Bhui, 2009;35). This strongly suggests that black and Asian people were more likely to be arrested and charged without sufficient evidence to prosecute. Despite the conviction rates being substantially higher for white people compared to those from BME groups (MJ, 2010) in 2008, the percentage of white adults sentenced to immediate custody for indictable offences was under 29 percent, while BME groups ranged from 42 to 52 percent (MJ, 2010). This higher percentage is not necessarily due to discrimination, but rather a number of other factors, such as the seriousness of the offence committed, mitigating or aggravating factors and whether or not the defendant pleads guilty. Research has shown that people from BME backgrounds are more likely to plead not guilty, and hence be tried in a Crown court (MJ, 2010). In fact 48 per cent of black offenders plead not guilty compared to 30 per cent of white offenders. If offenders are found guilty after pleading not guilty, they are often given heavier and longer sentences (Marsh et al, 2010;178) and this may be a reason why there are more black offenders in prison. Although people from BME backgrounds account for less than 11 per cent of the British population, they account for a much higher proportion of the prison population. On the 30th June 2009, 20 percent of prisoners identified themselves as being from BME groups (MJ, 2010). The total prison population excluding foreign nationals has experienced increased numbers from all ethnic backgrounds since 2005, but most notably from Asian and Mixed groups. Those from a white ethnic background had the smallest increase (MJ, 2010). The result of such overrepresentation of people from BME backgrounds, in particular black people, is that there are some prisons in the south east of England that are now virtually all black (Ramesh, 2010). The disproportionate presence of people from BME groups could mean one of two things. People from BME groups may be discriminated against at the point of entry into the criminal justice system and this subsequently continues to the point of imprisonment. Alternatively, the groups are actually more involved in crime than others for reasons particular to that group (Hale et al, 2009;419). It is of common belief that the true answer lies somewhere between the two theories, yet self report studies have indicated that white people commit just as much or even more crime than those from BME groups (Kalunta-Crumpton, 2010). Evidence from several studies has shown that there are three overarching causes for the overrepresentation of BME groups in the Criminal Justice System, all of which compound each other. Firstly, social exclusion is a longstanding primary cause (House of Commons; Home Affairs Committee (HC), 2007). Secondly, factors specific to the black community such as family patterns and cultures amongst black people, both fuel and compound socio-economic deprivation. Thirdly, the structure and the way the criminal justice system operates mean more young BME people come into contact, and stay in contact, with the system (HC, 2010). There is considerable racial inequality in the criminal justice system with a massive underrepresentation of people from BME backgrounds in judiciary and court positions (Marsh et al, 2010;179). A recent report by the Ministry of Justice found that, as of April 2009 in the courts based judiciary, a mere 4. 5 per cent of judges were from BME backgrounds, and represented just 3 of the 163 High Court judges (MJ, 2010). This is a point that was highlighted in the Lawrence Inquiry, and in particular the failure of the police service to recruit minority ethnic officers. Recommendation 65 of the Lawrence Report stated that the police service ought to develop more initiatives to increase the number of minority ethnic recruits (Bhui, 2009;54). Despite such attempts to recruit more people from BME groups, the police force is still a predominantly white institution with only 4. 4 percent of officers in post coming from a BME background (Hansard, 2010), and this is reflected in the feelings of people from BME groups. A study conducted by Shute et al showed that one fifth of black defendants felt that their treatment had been influenced by racial bias (Marsh et al, 2010). Of the black and Asian defendants who thought that they had been given longer custodial sentences, over half put it down to their ethnicity rather than what they had done or said in court (Marsh et al, 2010), indicating the feeling amongst people from BME groups that institutional racism still exists within the criminal justice system. Such thoughts of institutional racism within the criminal justice system were again identified with the tragic incident in March 2000 when Zahid Mubarek, a 19 year old Asian prisoner at Feltham young offender institution, was murdered by a cell mate with a history of racist and violent behaviour (Nacro, 2003). It is regarded that social exclusion is the key reason for the overrepresentation of ethnic minorities within the criminal justice system. BME groups are socially and economically disadvantaged compared with white people and are more likely to come to police attention (Bhui, 2009;34). This socio-economic disadvantage stretches back to the post-war period when the first settlers from the Caribbean were forced into ghettoes because of racial prejudice and restricted access to accommodation, resulting in them being stacked in deprived areas where schools were substandard, employment opportunities were minimal and long-term prospects to hold the family together were limited (HC, 2010). It is believed that the disproportional presence of ethnic minorities has arisen due to the idea that policing bares down more heavily on those that frequent public spaces more often (Maguire et al, 2007;437). This happens to be black and Asian people as they are still subjected to high rates of unemployment, homelessness and nocturnal shift work. It is noted that 80 per cent of black African and black Caribbean communities live in particularly deprived, high crime urban areas such as Neighbourhood Renewal Fund areas (Bhui, 2009;32). It is the combination of all of these factors that place such individuals at greater risk of being stopped and searched (Maguire et al, 2007;437). The House of Commons Home Affairs Committee found that in 2007, all the minority ethnic groups within the black category are consistently below the national average across all Key Stages, at GCSE and equivalent and Post-16. At GCSE and equivalent, 45 per cent of black Caribbean pupils, and 51 per cent of black African pupils achieved 5 or more A*-C grades compared to 57 per cent nationally (HC, 2007). The committee concluded that the failure of the education system to educate our black boys provides a breeding ground for disaffection that undoubtedly leads many to seek alternative means to obtain a good standard of living or gain respect from their peers (HC, 2007). Conversely, the recent report How Fair is Britain produced by the Equality and Human Rights Commission (EHRC), shows that ethnic differences are narrowing at GCSE level, except for the top two highest performing groups; Chinese and Indian (EHRC, 2010). Educational underachievement is fed by rates of exclusion, which is higher for black young people than any other ethnic group. The 2006 Department for Education Skills (DfES) report shows that 9. 6 per cent of black Caribbean young people had had a fixed period exclusion compared with a national average for all pupils of 5 per cent (DfES, 2006). Excluded young people, regardless of ethnicity, are twice as likely to commit offences as children in mainstream school according to the Youth Justice Boards (YJB) survey completed by MORI. In a recent survey 23 per cent of young people in mainstream school said they had committed an offence in the last 12 months, while 60per cent of excluded young people say they had committed an offence over the same period (YJB, 2009). This is a clear indication that young black people are more likely to be excluded from school, and subsequently more likely to offend. Asian children on the other hand had the lowest exclusion rates, followed by children with one white and one Asian parent (EHRC, 2010). The success of Asian children in education ties in with their low offending rates. Such traits have traditionally been explained as the result of strong informal controls said to inhere in Asian culture and family life (Webster, 2010;97). In 2007, at a time of growing gun and knife crime, former Prime Minister Tony Blair, insisted that we needed to stop pretending it was a problem for the general population (Blair, 2007), but rather an issue for the black community to resolve (Hale et al, 2009). This idea has been reaffirmed in statistics such as the figures from Operation Trident, a Metropolitan Police Service operation intended to deal with shootings among black people living in London in 2006. The operations findings detailed in the Home Affairs Committee report showed that, of all the firearms homicides and shootings in 2006 in London, 75 per cent of victims and 79 per cent of suspects were black (HC, 2010). These statistics reflect the idea that the majority of offending by people from minority ethnic backgrounds is intra-racial. It was also found that the boroughs with the highest firearms offences such as Hackney and Lambeth had the highest density of black population in London, as well as being some of the most deprived (HC, 2010). Furthermore, recent research in the UK suggests that homicide rates are associated with levels of poverty and deprivation (HC, 2010). It is this level of involvement and overrepresentation that is the greatest cause for concern for some sections of black and minority ethnic communities. The Director of Equalities and Policing at the Greater London Authority, Lee Jasper said of the situation we have, quite literally, a crisis in the black community among our young black people (HC, 2010). Self report studies ask some general questions about the respondents social and economic situation and then they are asked to describe any offences that they have committed. This technique relies solely upon the honesty of interviewees to reveal their offending behaviour. Self report surveys have produced controversial findings and in particular have suggested that race differences usually observed in official records are either absent or much reduced (Bowling and Phillips, 2002;99). The 2003 Offending, Crime and Justice Study found that in actual fact, white respondents were more likely than black or Asian respondents to say that they had offended (Bhui, 2009;32). The findings of such studies have indicated that the dark figure of crime is more likely to be committed by white people than those from BME backgrounds (Kalunta-Crumpton, 2010). In Australia, they face a slightly different issue, in that the indigenous population of Aboriginals and Torres Strait Islander people are massively overrepresented in the justice system, and it is a result of historical discrimination, over-regulation and unfair treatment (Australian Law Reform Commission, 2006). Indigenous people make up 2. 5 per cent of the population in Australia, yet in 2008 they accounted for 29. 3 per cent and 24. 1 per cent of the female and male prisoners respectively (Bartels, 2010); a rate 17 times higher than that for non-indigenous people (Australian Institute of Criminology, 2010). These figures varied throughout the different territories of Australia. For example, in Victoria, Indigenous people accounted for 6 per cent of the prison population, much lower but still overrepresented compared to their presence in the general population. In the Northern Territories however, the situation is much worse, with Indigenous people representing 83 per cent of the prison population. This is a startling illustration of the massive overrepresentation of Indigenous population in the criminal justice system. One explanation considered by some authors such as Bartels, is that the Indigenous population is significantly younger than the non-indigenous population. A census in 2006 found that the median age for both Indigenous and Non-Indigenous populations was 21 and 37 respectively (Australian Government, 2008), and thus a reason for the high number of Indigenous people coming into contact with the criminal justice system. In the United States of America, they face a similar if not more extreme situation than in Britain and most Western European countries. The Washington DC based research group, The Sentencing Project reported that today there are more African American men in prison and jail than in college (Walker et al, 2007;xiii). Despite black people only representing 12 per cent of the United States population, nearly half of all prisoners in the USA are African-American (Webster, 2007), and it is predicted that nearly one third of African-American males born today will go to prison (Ramesh, 2010). The US Justice Department have released statistics that suggest approximately 40 to 45 per cent of the US prison population is black (Ramesh, 2010), and that black people represent 31 per cent of arrests and 37 per cent of all violent arrests. Walker et al concluded in The Color of Justice, that the US criminal justice system is contextually discriminatory, in that discrimination does occur within certain parts of the system but not all parts, all of the time (Walker et al, 2007;419). The recent statistics from the Ministry of Justice paint a very clear picture as to the substantial differences that exist between the experiences of BME groups compared with white people, and in particular the experiences of black people. The central problem with the disproportionate presence of ethnic minorities in the criminal justice system is their under-representation in criminal justice professions coupled with their overrepresentation as suspects, defendants and prisoners (Newburn, 2007). Longstanding tension between the police and ethnic minorities still plays a significant part in the discrimination of ethnic minorities and is demonstrated in such documentaries as The Secret Policeman (Daly, 2003), highlighting that racism within the police force still occurs. Although many positive steps have been taken to eliminate institutional racism within the police force since the Lawrence Inquiry, there is still more that needs to be done. The police are not the only institution criticised of being discriminatory, with the Prison service also displaying such traits. It could be argued that the criminal justice system as a whole is still considered institutionally racist. Minority ethnic communities around the world are suffering from the same issues faced by those in England and Wales. The Australian prison population figures illustrate the startling discrimination the indigenous population of Australia face. The United States of America have a justice system described as contextually discriminatory (Walker et al, 2007;419), with an increasing population of black prisoners, many of which have committed violent or drug related offences. Despite numerous studies by academics and government departments, it has been considered that all research has failed to conclusively prove whether the disproportionate presence of people from minority ethnic backgrounds in the criminal justice system is through discrimination or other factors (Webster, 2007). It would appear however, that BME groups are most definitely overrepresented at every stage of the criminal justice system. From the findings of self report studies it can be inferred that the overrepresentation of ethnic minorities is not a result of disproportionate offending, but rather a combination of different factors. Similarly, the issue is not one solely of institutional racism within the criminal justice system. Unfortunately people from minority ethnic backgrounds live in the most deprived urban areas, with the highest crime rates, and therefore are undoubtedly over-policed. Young people from BME backgrounds are consistently underachieving in education and are almost twice as likely to have a fixed period of exclusion compared to the national average, and subsequently twice as likely to offend. Upon being charged for an offence, people from BME backgrounds are more likely to plead not guilty, and hence tried in the Crown court, where if found guilty, will receive a heavier sentence. It is the compounded effect of these factors that are the major cause of the disproportionate presence of ethnic minorities within the criminal justice system, and without addressing these issues first and foremost, their presence will simply increase.

Famous Inventions on the April Calendar

Famous Inventions on the April Calendar What famous events happened in the calendar month of April concerning patents, trademarks, and copyrights? Find out who patented roller skates, and discover which famous inventor has the same April birthday as you or what invention was created on your April birthday. April Calendar of Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights April 1 1953- Arthur Millers The Crucible, a play in four acts based on the Salem witch trials of the 17th century and referencing the then-current plague of McCarthyism, was copyrighted. April 2 1889- Charles Hall patented an inexpensive method for the production of aluminum, which brought the metal into wide commercial use. April 3 1973- Francis W. Dorion was granted patent #3,724,070 for a dual razor blade assembly. April 4 1978- Francisco Garcia was granted patent #4,081,909 for orthodontic pliers. April 5 1881- Edwin Houston and Elihu Thomson were granted a patent for a centrifugal separator: the creamer.   April 6 1869- Isaac Hodgson received patent #88,711 for the roller skate. April 7 1896- Tolbert Lanston was issued a patent for a monotype printing  press. April 8 1766- The first fire escape was patented- the contraption was a wicker basket on a pulley with a chain.1997- Hooshang  Bral received a patent for an automatically rinsing baby bottle. April 9 1974- Phil Brooks received a patent for a disposable syringe, although intravenous injections and infusion began as early as 1670. April 10 1849- Walter Hunt patented the first safety pin, based in part on the Roman brooch known as a fibula. Hunt also invented several other famous things, all of which he gave up on before seeing any profit. April 11 1893- Frederic Ives patented the process for a half-tone printing press. April 12 1988- Drs. Philip Leder and Timothy Stewart on behalf of Harvard University were issued the first patent, #4,736,866, for a new animal life form: a genetically altered mouse. April 13 1990- The Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles movie was copyrighted. April 14 1964- Paul Winchell (a ventriloquist whose main dummy was Jerry Mahoney) was granted patent #3,129,001 for an inverted novelty mask. April 15 1997- Bertram Burke received a patent for an automatic philanthropic contribution system called the MILLIONAIRES CLUB. April 16 1867- Wilbur and his brother Orville Wright invented the airplane, which they called a flying machine.1997- James Watkins received a patent for confetti that flutters and darts. April 17 1875- Snooker, a variation of pool, was invented by Sir Neville Chamberlain.1908- The song Hail Hail the Gangs All Here was copyrighted. April 18 1916- Irving Langmuir received a patent for an incandescent gas lamp. Some of his other accomplishments include atomic-hydrogen welding and contributions to the development of the radio vacuum tube. April 19 1939- John Steinbecks The Grapes of Wrath was copyrighted. April 20 1897 -  Simon Lake was granted a patent for an even keel submarine. April 21 1828- Noah Webster published the first American dictionary.1857- Albert Douglas patented a ladies bustle.1931- Ester Kiefer received a patent for ornamental paper. April 22 1864- The United States minted the first coin with In God We Trust on it.1884- John Golding patented a process for metallic silk screening.1955- Congress declared that all U.S. coins would be minted with In God We Trust on them. April 23 1964- My Fair Lady, the movie based on a musical version of George Bernard Shaws play Pygmalion, was registered.1985- The trade secret New Coke formula was released. Coca-Cola was invented by John Pemberton of Atlanta, Georgia. The famous trademark name was a suggestion given by Pembertons bookkeeper, Frank Robinson. April 24 1907- Anchors Aweigh, the march and two-step by Chas. A. Zimmerman, was copyrighted. April 25 1961- Robert Noyce was granted a patent for a semiconductor device-and-lead structure, the integrated circuit otherwise known as the chip. Noyce was the co-founder of Intel Corporation. April 26 1881- Frederick Allen patented a life raft.1892- Sarah Boone patented an ironing board. April 27 1920- Elijah McCoy received a patent for an air-brake pump lubricator. April 28 1908- Leonard Dyer obtained a patent for an automobile transmission. April 29 1873- Eli Janney received a patent for automatic railroad car couplings. April 30 1935- Patent #2,000,000 was issued to Joseph Ledwinka for vehicle wheel construction. April Birthdays April 1 1578- English physician William Harvey, who discovered blood circulation.1858- Italian sociologist Gaetano Mosca, who wrote the Circulation of Elite.1865- Germany chemist Richard Zsigmondy won the Nobel Prize in 1925.1887- American philologist and linguist Leonard Bloomfield dominated the science of linguistics.1922- American computer scientist Alan Perlis was best known for his pioneering work in  programming languages. April 2 1618- Mathematician and physicist Francesco M. Grimaldi discovered light diffraction.1841- French engineer and inventor Clement Ader is remembered primarily for his pioneering work in aviation and as a mechanical and electrical genius.1875- Walter Chrysler founded the Chrysler car company.1900- German musicologist Heinrich Besseler is best known for his Medieval, Baroque and   Renaissance music.1922- Russian atomic physicist Nikolaj G.  Bassov  worked with  lasers  and won the Nobel Prize in 1964.1948- Noted astronomer and educator Eleanor Margaret Burbridge was the first woman to be appointed to the Royal Greenwich Observatory. April 3 1837- Writer and nature enthusiast John Burroughs had the Burroughs Medal named after him.1934- British ethologist  Jane Goodall studied African chimps. April 4 1809- American mathematician and astronomer Benjamin Pierce contributed to studies in celestial mechanics, algebra, number theory and philosophy of mathematics.1821- Linus Yale  was an American portrait painter and inventor who invented the Yale cylinder lock.1823- Karl Wilhelm Siemens was an inventor who laid undersea cables.1826- Zenobe Theophile Gramme invented an electric motor.1881- Encyclopedist Charles Funk produced Funk and Wagnalls.1933- English manufacturer Robin Phillips invented a hand-dryer. April 5 1752- Sebastien Erard invented improved pianos and harps.1838- American invertebrate paleontologist Alpheus Hyatt made important contributions to the study of invertebrate fossils.1899- American inventor Alfred Blalocks invention ushered in the era of cardiac surgery.1951- Dean Kamen  invented the  Segway, and several other things, including the AutoSyringe, a mobile dialysis system, and the first wearable insulin pump.1954- Computer programmer Michael W. Butler invented the TODAY program. April 6 1920- Swiss scientist Edmond H. Fischer won the 1992 Nobel Prize in medicine with Edwin Krebs for their discoveries in reversible protein phosphorylation.1928- Chemist James D. Watson co-discovered the structure of DNA.1953- American inventor Andy Hertzfeld was a co-inventor of the Apple Macintosh; he started a new company called General Magic. April 7 1775- American businessman  Francis Cabot Lowell  invented the first raw cotton-to-cloth textile mill.1859- Walter Camp  was the father of American football and invented many of the rules.1860- Noted American vegetarian  Will Keith Kellogg  was the founder of the Kellogg Company and invented a process of making flaked cereal, corn flakes, for use as a healthy breakfast cereal.1869- American botanist explorer David Grandison Fairchild brought new plants into the United States.1890- Noted environmentalist Marjory Stoneman Douglas was nicknamed the First Lady of the Everglades. April 8 1869- American neurosurgeon Harvey Cushing did the first blood pressure studies.1907- Noted chemist Maurice Stacey is known for his contributions to carbohydrate chemistry.1911- American chemist Melvin Calvin won the Nobel Prize in 1961 for his work on photosynthesis. April 9 1806- Isambard Kingdom Brunel invented the first Trans-Atlantic steamer.1830- Eadweard Muybridge  pioneered the study of  motion photography.1919- John Presper Eckert was the co-inventor of the first  all-electronic  computer called the ENIAC. April 10 1755- German physician Samuel Hahnemann invented homeopathy.1917- Organic chemist Robert Burns Woodward won the Nobel prize in 1965. April 11 1899- Chemist  Percy L. Julian  invented a drug for the treatment of arthritis called cortisone. 1901- Adriano Olivetti was an Italian engineer and manufacturer of typewriters. April 12 1884- German psychologist and biochemist Otto Meyerhof won the Nobel Prize in 1922.1926- James Hillman is credited with developing archetypal psychology. April 13 1832- British designer and inventor James Wimshurst invented the electrostatic generator.1899- Alfred Moser Butts invented the game Scrabble. April 14 1886- American psychologist Edward C. Tolman created behaviorism. April 15 1452- Italian painter  Leonardo da Vinci  was also an inventor. April 16 1682- John Hadley invented the first reflecting  telescope.1867- ​Wilbur Wright  co-invented the first manned and engined airplane. April 17 1934- Don Kirshner invented bubblegum music. April 18 1905- Medical research pioneer George Herbert Hitchings was renowned for developing drugs for several major diseases and was co-winner of the Nobel Prize in 1988. April 19 1768- English entomologist and botanist Adrian H. Haworth was known for his work with succulent plants.1877- Ole Evinrude  invented the outboard marine engine1912- American chemist Glen T. Seaborg discovered plutonium and won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1951.1931- American computer scientist Fred Brooks is best known for managing the development of IBMs   System/360 computers. April 20 1745- Physician Philippe Pinel is considered the founder of psychiatry. 1921- Donald Gunn MacRae is a noted sociologist.1927- Swiss superconductivity physicist Karl Alex Muller won the Nobel Prize in 1987 for his discovery of high-temperature superconductivity in a new class of materials.1934- Lindsay Oliver John Boynton is a noted furniture historian. April 21 1782- German educator Friedrich W.A. Frobel invented kindergarten.1849- German embryologist Oskar Hertwig discovered fertilization.1913- Biochemist Choh Hao Li isolated growth hormones. April 22 1799- Physician and physiologist Jean Poiseuille discovered blood pressure.1853- French anthropologist Alphonse Bertillon devised the crime ID system.1876- Sweden otologist Robert Barany was a vestibular expert who won the Nobel Prize in 1914.1919- American biochemist Donald Cram won the Nobel Prize in 1987.1929- Margaret Pereira was a noted forensic scientist. April 23 1858- German physicist Max Planck wrote the Planck Constant and won the Nobel Prize in 1918.1917- Nuclear physicist Jacob Kistemaker invented an  ultracentrifuge. April 24 1620- Statistician John Graunt founded the science of demography.1743- Edmund Cartwright  invented the power loom.1914- Justin Wilson invented Wise  Potato Chips. April 25 1769- Mark Isambard Brunel was a noted engineer and inventor.1825- Charles Ferdinand Dowd standardized time zones.1874- Guglielmo Marconi  invented a radio system and won a Nobel Prize in 1909.1900- Swiss-American physicist Wolfgang Pauli discovered the Pauli inhibition and won a Nobel Prize in 1945. April 26 1879- English physicist Owen Williams Richardson won a Nobel Prize in 1928. April 27 1896- Wallace Hume Carothers invented nylon.1903- Biochemist Hans Walter Kosterliz is best known as one of the key discoverers of endorphins.1791- Inventor  Samuel Finley Breece Morse  was born. April 28 1846- Swedish astronomer Johann E. Backlund discovered planets and asteroids.            1882- Italian industrialist Alberto Pirelli joined the family small rubber factory in Italy- the first of its kind- and was active in international affairs.   April 29 1893- Physicist Harold C. Urey discovered Deuterium and won a Nobel Prize in 1934. April 30 1777- Carl Friedrich Gauss is considered the worlds greatest mathematician.

Analysis of Mise En Scene Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Analysis of Mise En Scene - Essay Example This essay examines the mise-en-scene in this closing sequence. The closing sequence of Chinatown begins with Jack Gittes (Jack Nicholson) conversing with Evelyn Mulwray (Faye Dunaway). The two characters are featured in a medium close-up, with their bodies cut-off. While the film’s plot is highly complex and entangled, at its core it is a strong character piece. The minimalist mise-en-scene of this conversation, with the two characters featured alone in the foreground highlights the film’s strong character-centered nature. It’s also notable that Jack retains the bandage from earlier in the film, as this is symbolic of his ultimate fallibility in comparison to Mulwray almost angelic quality. This minimalist conversation scene cuts to a montage of shots of Chinatown. The city is depicted through neon lights that shine brightly in an all-dark background. The effect is powerful as the neon lights take on a sort of Las Vegas like feel where the outward brightness seems to conceal a sinister interior. The film’s nighttime setting further accentuates its neo-noir conventions. Indeed, this becomes a predominant thematic element as the final film sequence unravels. Not only is the scene shrouded entirely in darkness, but so are the characters. Only on brief occasions does director Polanski allow the street lights to shine on their faces. When Evelyn Mulwray appears she is also featured in black. The only character in white is Noah Cross. In these regards, the film’s mise-en-scene is playing with the noir notion of morality; the two protagonists are shrouded in black, and Cross, the antagonist, is featured in white. This leads the viewer to question the filmâ€℠¢s moral center and further destabilizes the viewer. This moral ambiguity is mirrored in the plot as Jack is handcuffed to the car even while attempting to reveal to the police that Cross is the murderer and villain. Ultimately, the

Madagascar Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Madagascar - Essay Example The population of Madagascar in 2012 was 22,293,914 (â€Å"Madagascar-Population†). Food in Madagascar comprises rice as an essential element. The national dish of Madagascar is Ramazava which is made with mixed greens and beef sautà ©ed with onion, tomato, and ginger. Although Malagasy food is reasonably spicy for the most part, yet Piri-Piri is an extremely spicy pepper paste commonly used in Malagasy food (â€Å"Madagascar: Food†). Ancestors in the Madagascar society remained united and were against segregation. Forming a wonderful amalgamation of language, religion, and tradition, these ancestors set the pattern of modern culture in Madagascar. The contemporary society of Madagascar is a fine blend of modernism and traditionalism. Malagasy is the main language spoken in Madagascar and the origin of this language is linked with Maanyan that is the language of South Eastern Borneo (â€Å"Society and Culture†). Cargo boats are the main transport means on the northeast coast of Madagascar. They are not very safe means of transport particularly when they are overloaded. Boat travel is unsafe on the east coast specially during the rainy season. International Driving Permit (IDP) is required to drive car or motorcycle in Madagascar. MadaBus is a long-distance bus company that operates on Tamatave and Toliar routes (â€Å"Getting around†). Formal education appeared in Madagascar in the modern sense for the first time in 1820 when a school was established in Antananarivo by the missionary David Jones from the London Missionary Society (â€Å"Education in Madagascar†). Madagascar is one of the poorest countries of the world in spite of its cultural and biological richness mainly because of economic colonialism, kleptocractic rule, lack of infrastructure, and lack of adequate educational system (â€Å"Why is

Key Terms Essay Example for Free

Key Terms Essay ACEs an entry in an objects acl that grants permissions toa user or group ACL A collection of access control entries that defines the access that all users and groups have to an object ATA A disk interface that uses parallel communications to connect multiple hard drives to a computer Authorization The process of making sure someone is who they say they are Basic Disk The default disk type, it can have up to four partitions, three primary and one extended Direct-attached Storage a computer whith hard drives stored in it Disk Duplexing Method of fault tolerance, duplicate data is stored on two disks in seperate host adapters Disk Mirroring Method of fault tolerance, duplicate data is stored on two seperate disks DiskPart. exe Command line method to do all your disk related deeds Dynamic Disk Alternative to basic disk, able to have an unlimited number of volumes Effective permissions A combination of all the permissions from various sources External Drive Array Hard disks attached to a computer through a network medium File System A part of the OS for storing and organizing files Folder redirection A useful feature that lets users save thier files to a network location LUNs An identifier assigned to a specific component within a SCSI device which enables the SCSI host adapter to send commands to that component. NAS A dedicated file server that is connected to a network and provides users with file based storage Offline Files Lets people keep copies of files on their machines so that if the server goes down they can still work Partition Style The ways disks are organized in windows RAID Multiple disks working together as pals to do great things such as fault tolerance or increases to read/write speeds SID Every active directory object gets one of these, kinda like a social security number Security Principal Whoever is an administrator assigns permissions to SATA Newer version of ATA that users serial communications Shadow Copies Makes copies of a file that users can use to restore to vaious times SCSI Lets computers transfer data to multiple storage devices Standard Permissions The common special permissions SAN A dedicated high speed network wevice that connects storage devices to servers.

valley of the kings :: essays research papers

It's easy to understand why the Valley of the Kings was not discovered until the 1800's. It is located over a mountain ridge and in a secluded valley, miles from civilization. The Valley of the Kings contains approximately sixty-two excavated tombs, not all of which are royal. Some belonged to the privileged members of nobility and were not decorated. The earliest tombs of such kings as Thutmose I contained stairways, corridors, and right-angle bends; whereas, the latter tombs of such kings as Ramesses XI, were little more than huge sloping corridors. One of the most recently discovered tombs, that of the children of Ramesses II, fifty-four in all, is being excavated, with eight or nine rooms thus far uncovered. The work is being financed by Chicago House in the United States. Depending on the power and length of reign of a king determined the opulence of the tomb itself. Most tombs were robbed thousands of years ago, but you can still see the spectacular color-painted hieroglyphics lining the corridors of some. The stories told are of kings bearing gifts to the gods or perhaps stories of the king's travels or battles. Much can be learned from these pictures concerning ancient life in Egypt. Most tombs contained false entrances or false burial chambers, etc. to confuse robbers and deter them from finding the riches needed in the afterlife. King Tut's Tomb (Tutankhamun) King Tut's tomb was not discovered until 1922 by Howard Carter and Lord Carnarvon, as it was concealed beneath the mud brick houses of the workmen who cut the tomb of Ramesses VI. Most likely this tomb was not carved for a king, but for a high official. But due to the fact that King Tut died at an early age, the rooms were hastily converted. Items for the afterlife were seemingly thrown into the various rooms. What makes this particular find important is that the contents were untouched by robbers. The real antiquities can be found in the Cairo Museum. The pictures shown here are replicas indicating how they were positioned when discovered by Carter. Three coffins were found in the tomb, the last of solid gold. King Tut's mummy was not in very good shape and so is kept at his tomb. He was found with 15 rings of various sizes on his mummy fingers depending on the amount of linen used to wrap his hands.

Dietary Fiber Analysis Health And Social Care Essay

Fiber is categorized into soluble and indissoluble fibre. Soluble fibre includes pectins, mucilages, gums, and storage polyoses. Soluble fibre has shown to hold positive effects on glucose metamorphosis that are partially attributed to the increased viscousness of luminal contents. It causes delayed gastric voidance, which account for around 35 % of the discrepancy in extremum glucose concentrations after consuming glucose. It besides reduces the rate of glucose diffusion through the H2O bed. The most of import factor in respects to glycemic consequence is soluble fibre ‘s ability to increase viscousness and organize gel-like stools. Soluble fibre besides becomes fermented in the colon and outputs short-chain fatty acids. It is thought that these short concatenation fatty acids may be good to lipid metamorphosis and cardiovascular disease bar ( Pittler and Ernst 2004 ; Papathanasopoulos and Camilleri 2010 ) . â€Å" In experimental clinch surveies, soluble dietetic fibre besides influences peripheral glucose uptake mechanisms, including increased skeletal musculus look of the insulin- responsive glucose transporter type, which enhanced skeletal musculus consumption, augmenting insulin sensitiveness and normalising blood glucose degrees. In worlds, several fatty acids stimulate look of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor, which increases degrees of adipocyte glucose † Insoluble fibre includes cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin. Insoluble fibre does acquire fermented in the colon, but it attracts H2O which increases faecal majority, softening, and defecation. The chief consequence of indissoluble fibre in respects to glycemia is heightened insulin sensitiveness. â€Å" Changes in intestine microbiota have been implicated, in position of ascertained microbiota differences between corpulent and thin topics, reduced Gram-negative bacterial content with diets high in dietetic fibre as opposed to high-fat diets, and experimental informations demoing insulin opposition develops after daily hypodermic injections of Gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharides. A test of whole grain in healthy adult females showed accelerated GIP and insulin response and improved postprandial glycemia during the undermentioned twenty-four hours. † The aim of the first survey was to find the extent to which Beta-Glucan reduces the glycemic index ( GI ) of oat merchandises and whether high degrees of Beta-Glucan impair palatableness. The survey wanted to find if there was a nexus between low GI nutrients and direction of Type Two Diabetes ( DM II ) . Sixteen trial topics were selected from a pool of patients at St. Michaels Diabetes Clinic with HbA1 degrees within 5.5 % – 8.5 % , with one exclusion of a patient that had 11.4 % HbA1. Ten participants were male and 6 were female, with an mean BMI of 29. All were diagnosed with DM II. Thirteen participants were treated with unwritten agents, and 3 used diet entirely. The breakfast cereal and a bite saloon ‘s which were enriched with extra b-glucans to bring forth a low glycemic index oat bran merchandise. Three tests were conducted with the breakfast cereal and bite saloon, utilizing the mean step of the postprandial glucose degrees. The consumer ‘s postprandial glucose degrees in response to white staff of life served as the control. This survey showed that when topics with type 2 diabetes consumed extruded breakfast cereals incorporating different degrees of oat bran dressed ore ( 8, 10.3 and 12.5g % b-glucan ) , decreases in postprandial glycemia ranged from 33 % to 62 % . This survey is done in a similar format to ours ; nevertheless it merely compared postprandial glucose degrees in response to beta-glucan enriched nutrients to white staff of life. Our survey is comparing a pure fibre addendum of Fleawort to an equal dietetic fibre repast. Besides, our trial topics will non hold diabetes. ( Jenkins, Kendall et al. 2008 ) The 2nd survey that was most similar to ours was conducted to see the benefits of syrupy fibre in topics who were insulin resistant. Dietary fibre has late received acknowledgment for cut downing the hazard of developing diabetes and bosom disease. The deduction is that it may hold curative benefit in pre-diabetic metabolic conditions. To prove this hypothesis, this survey investigated the consequence of supplementing a high-carbohydrate diet with fibre from Konjac-Mannan ( KJM ) on metabolic control in topics with insulin opposition syndrome. KJM is derived from Konjac, which is a sweet yam from the Araceae household with the botanical name: Amorphophallus spp. Two hundred and 78 topics between the ages of 45 and 65 old ages were screened from the Canadian-Maltese Diabetes Study. A sum of 11 ( age 55 A ± 4 old ages, BMI 28 A ± 1.5 kg/m2 ) were recruited who met the standards: impaired glucose tolerance, reduced HDL cholesterin, elevated serum triglycerides, and moderate high blood pressure. After an 8-week control-trial, they were indiscriminately assigned to take either KJM fibre enriched trial biscuits with 0.5 g of glucomannan per 100 kcal or wheat bran fibre control biscuits for two 3-week intervention periods separated by a 2-week washout. In this cross-over survey, the diets had the same sum of energy, were metabolically controlled, and conformed to National Cholesterol Education Program Step 2 guidelines. Serum lipoids, glycemic control, and blood force per unit area were measured in each test. During the experimental hebdomads, participants received absolutely portioned and packaged nutrients delivered to their work or place. These repasts were absolutely portioned with macro-nutrients in indistinguishable ratios. The Calories of each repast were tailored to run into the demands of each person, with fibre being 1.5g/ 100 kcals of nutrient. These two groups merely differed in the facet of KJM flour or the control, wheat bran flour. Both of these repasts were tantamount in fiber measure. KJM showed a fasting glycemia bead by 13 A ± 2.5 % ( P 0.0001 ) compared with 9.6 A ± 4.3 % ( P 0.05 ) on control. However, these consequences are non important, since the assurance intervals overlap. This survey compared KJM flour, which is rich in a high-viscous fibre, to fiber-enriched bran flour and tested many consequences, of which postprandial glucose degrees was one. The consequences showed no important difference between the two fiber-enriched flours. While this survey is near to our proposed survey, our survey will be comparing a fleawort addendum to dietetic fibre ; non comparing two types of dietetic fibre. This survey supplied us with thoughts for what to provide to our trial topics in their repasts. This survey gave their trial topics repasts that were absolutely portioned with macro-nutrients in indistinguishable ratios. This is indispensable for our survey to hold accurate consequences. ( Vuksan, Sievenpiper et Al. 2000 ) There have been several surveies that show that a fiber addendum lowers postprandial glucose degrees. However, none of the surveies are comparing auxiliary fibre to dietetic fibre. The inquiry if auxiliary fibre has a different consequence on glucose degrees than dietetic fibre has non been answered. A survey was conducted to see the consequence of seaweed addendum on glucose, lipid profile, and antioxidant enzyme activities in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nine work forces and 11 adult females with diabetes controlled by diet and/or unwritten hypoglycaemic agents, a BMI of & lt ; 35, a fasting plasma glucose concentrations & gt ; 150 mg/dl, no ingestion of lipid-lowering drugs, and were 40 to 70 old ages of age were selected. Aside from diabetes, all topics were in good general wellness and had no clinical or laboratory grounds of nephritic, hepatic, or cardiovascular disease. Subjects were randomized into either a control group or a seaweed supplementation group. Pills with equal parts of prohibitionist powdered sea tangle and sea mustard were provided to the seaweed supplementation group three times a twenty-four hours for 4 hebdomads. Entire day-to-day ingestion of seaweed was 48 g. The topics continued normal day-to-day activities and exercising forms. Food consumption of each topic was quantitatively evaluated by 24 hr callback. The dietitian collected informations utilizing calibrated theoretical accounts to gauge the size of nutrient parts. Daily alimentary consumption was calculated utilizing the Computer Aided Nutritional Analysis plan ( Can-Pro ) package ( version 3.0 ; The Korean Nutrition Society ) based on informations from Korean food-composition tabular arraies. There were no important differences in fasting blood glucose ( FBG ) or postprandial 2 hr BG at baseline between the two groups. After seaweed supplementation, the concentrations of FBG and PP-2hr BG were decreased significantly in patients having seaweed supplementation, but there were no important differences in controls. Increased dietetic fibres intake from supplementation had good effects on FBG and PP-2hr BG ( Kim, Kim et Al. 2008 ) . This survey is similar to ours in regard that it is reexamining the consequence that auxiliary fibre has on postprandial glucose degrees. However, their control group did non hold the same sum of fibre in their diet as the supplemented group. The supplemented group was acquiring 2.5 times more fibres in their diet than the control. The fact that fibre affects glucose degrees is non in inquiry. With our research, we have been seeing that most surveies have a narrower age scope, this will assist us to find what age scope we would wish our trial topics to be. Besides, this survey used a nutrition analysis plan on the computing machine to calculate the foods ingested by the trial topics. We will utilize a similar method. A survey was conducted, look intoing the differences between fibre repasts enriched with soluble dietetic fibres from oats, rye bran, sugar Beta vulgaris fibre or a mixture of these three fibres. The survey looked at postprandial glucose and insulin effects. Thirteen healthy human voluntaries, 6 work forces and 7 adult females, ages 20-28 old ages of age were included in the survey. The topics were instructed to fast the dark before. They came to the installation one time a hebdomad ( 5 hebdomads entire ) and ingested a repast each clip in a random order. The repasts contained either oat pulverization ( 62 g, of which 2.7 soluble fibre ) , rye bran ( 31 g, of which 1.7 g soluble fibre ) , sugar Beta vulgaris fibre ( 19 g, of which 5 g soluble fibre ) , a mixture of these three fibres ( 74 g, 1.7 g soluble fibre from each beginning, giving 5 g soluble fibre ) , and no added fibre, which was the control. All repasts were adjusted to incorporate the same entire sum of available saccharides. Blood samples were drawn before the repast and every 30 min for 3 hours. Meals with rye bran gave a lower postprandial glucose extremum when compared with the control repast, and this consequence was more marked in adult females compared to work forces. Oat pulverization, incorporating a low sum of entire fibre and a high sum of saccharides in liquid matrix, gave a higher incremental glucose extremum concentration compared to rye bran and sugar Beta vulgaris fibre and higher insulin incremental country under curve compared to command. The oat pulverization besides influenced the effects of the assorted repast, decreasing the glucose-lowering effects. Postprandial triglyceride degrees tended to be higher after all fiber-rich repasts, but merely important for oat pulverization and the assorted repast when compared with the control repast ( Ulmius, Johansson et Al. 2009 ) . This survey concluded that soluble fibre influences postprandial glucose, insulin and triglycerides depending on fiber beginning, dosage of soluble and entire fibre, and perchance gender. While this survey was proving the difference of assorted beginnings of dietetic fibre, it is utile to our survey because they use methods similar to what we want to utilize. They tested their topics ‘ glucose degrees every 30 proceedingss for 3 hours. Besides, the survey had to add assorted things to the different repasts to guarantee that they had similar micronutrient content ; protein was the lone 1 that varied. A Reviewing these surveies has besides given us a way for a sample size.